Tinodudzira zvinyorwa kusimbisa zvatinotenda
Ndezvipi zvaunotenda uye maonero ako zvinobva? Kana iwe wakaita sevanhu vakawanda, unofunga kufunga kuti zvaunotenda ndezvikonzero zvemakore ekuziva uye chinangwa chekutsvaga ruzivo rwauripo. Ichokwadi ndechokuti tose zvedu tinotarisana nedambudziko rinonyengera rinozivikanwa sechisimba chekusimbisa.
Kunyange zvazvo tichida kufungidzira kuti zvatinotenda ndezvechokwadi, zvinonzwisisika, uye zvinangwa, chokwadi ndechekuti pfungwa dzedu dzinowanzobva pakuteerera mashoko anotsigira pfungwa dzedu.
Panguva imwecheteyo, isu tinowanzoregeredza ruzivo rwunotarisana nekutenda kwedu kuripo.
Kunzwisisa Kuziva Bias
Chinhu chekusimbisa hutsika rudzi rwekufungisisa hunoenderana nekushuva ruzivo runosimbisa zvitendero zvekare zvakange zviripo kana kuti zvingave zvakashata.
Semuenzaniso, fungidzira kuti munhu ane chivimbo chokuti vanhu vari kuruboshwe ndivo vanogadzira kupfuura vanhu vakagadzirirwa. Nguva ipi neipi munhu uyu akasangana nomunhu wese ari kuruboshwe uye akazvigadzira, anonyanya kukoshesa "humwe uchapupu" hunotsigira zvavanotenda kare. Uyu munhu angatotanga kutsvaka "uchapupu" hunosimbisazve chivimbo ichi apo uchibvisa mienzaniso isingatsigiri pfungwa.
Kuvimbiswa kunokanganisa kushandiswa kwavanoita vanhu, asi vanoitawo kuti tinoshandure nekuyeuka ruzivo. Semuenzaniso, vanhu vanotsigira kana vanopesana nehumwe nyaya havangotsvaki ruzivo rwekusigira, ivo vachatsanangurira nhau nyaya nenzira inotsigira pfungwa dzavo dziripo.
Vachayeuka zvakare zvinhu nenzira inotsigira mafungiro aya.
Chivimbiso Biases muKushanda
Funga nezvekukakavadzana pamusoro pekutonga kwepfuti. Sally, somuenzaniso, ari kutsigira kutonga kwepfuti. Anotsvaga nhau nenyaya dzezvikamu izvo zvinosimbisa kudikanwa kwekukundikana pane pfuti pfuma. Apo anonzwa nhau pamusoro pekupfura munhau, anovatsanangurira nenzira inotsigira zvaanotenda zvayo.
Henry, kune rumwe rutivi, anorwisana zvachose nekutonga kwepfuti. Anotsvaka nyanzvi dzemashoko dzinoenderana nechinzvimbo chake. Apo paanosangana nhau dzezvekupfura, anovatsanangurira nenzira inotsigira pfungwa yake yemaonero.
Vanhu ava vaviri vane maonero akasiyana zvakasiyana panyaya imwechete uye kududzirwa kwavo kunobva pane izvozvo. Kunyange kana vakaverenga nyaya imwecheteyo, kusarura kwavo kunowedzera kugadzira nzira yavanoona nayo nokuti inotsigira zvavanotenda.
The Impact of Confirmation Biases
Muma1960, nyanzvi dzepfungwa dzepfungwa Peter Cathcart Wason vakaita mimwe miedzo yakazivikanwa sekutonga kwaWason kutonga. Akaratidza kuti vanhu vane tsika yekutsvaga ruzivo runosimbisa zvavanotenda. Zvinosuruvarisa, rudzi urwu rwemararamiro runogona kutidzivirira kutarisa mamiriro ezvinhu zvakajeka. Inogonawo kukanganisa zvisarudzo zvatinoita uye zvinogona kutungamirira kumasarudzo asina kunaka kana asina kunaka.
Munguva yegore rekusarudzwa, somuenzaniso, vanhu vanowanzoda kutsvaga ruzivo rwakanaka runoratidzira avo vanodiwa vakanaka mune chiedza chakanaka. Vachatarisawo ruzivo runokonzera mubatanidzi anopikisa mune zvakaipa.
Nokusava kutsvaga chokwadi, kutsanangura ruzivo nenzira inongotsigira zvavanodavira, uye kungoyeuka zvinyorwa zvinotsigira izvi, vanowanzoshaya ruzivo rwakakosha.
Izvi zvinyorwa uye chokwadi zvinogona kunge zvakakonzera zvakasarudzwa chisarudzo chavo kuti mubatsiri angatsigirei.
Kuonekwa kweMapfungwa
Mubhuku rake, "Research in Psychology: Maitiro uye Zvigadzirwa," C. James Goodwin anopa muenzaniso mukuru wekusimbisa kusarura sezvinoshandiswa pakuona zvakanyanya.
"Vanhu vanotenda mukucherechedza zvakanyanya (ESP) vacharamba vachitevera mamiriro ezvinhu apo 'vaifunga nezvaamai, uye ipapo foni yakaridza uye yaiva iye!' Asi ivo vanozvidza kunyanya kakawanda apo (a) vaifunga nezvaamai uye havana kudana uye (b) vakanga vasingafungi nezvaamai uye vakadana. Vanokundikana kuziva kuti kana vakataura naamai inenge vhiki mbiri dzose, nguva yavo ye "yekufunga nezvaamai" inowedzera pedyo nekuguma kwemasvondo maviri-kwemavhiki, nokudaro kuwedzerwa nguva dze "hit." "
Sezvakaitwa naCatherine A. Sanderson mubhuku rake, "Social Psychology," kugutsikana kwekusimbisa kunobatsirawo fomu nekudzokororazve maonero atinayo pamusoro pevanhu.
"Isuwo tinozvidza ruzivo runopikisa zvatinotarisira." Tinowanzoyeuka (uye tinodzokorora) maitiro akafanana-uye akajeka uye kukanganwa kana kusava nehanya nemaonero-asingakanganisi, iyo nzira imwe chete inofungidzirwa inochengetwa kunyange pasinei nekutadza kusimbisa uchapupu. Kana iwe ukadzidza kuti shamwari yako itsva yeCanada inovenga Hockey, inofamba ngarava uye kuti shamwari yako itsva yeMexico inovenga zvokudya zvinonaka uye inoda rap mimhanzi, iwe hauna kukwanisa kuyeuka ichi chitsva-zvisinganzwisisiki mashoko. "
Kutsigirwa kusinganzwisisi hakuwanikwi chete mune zvatinotenda, zvinogona kukanganisa maitiro edu enyanzvi. Mune bhuku, "Psychology," Peter O. Gray anopa muenzaniso uyu wekuti ungakanganisa sei chiremba kufungidzirwa.
"Groopman (2007) inoratidza kuti hutano hwekusimbisa hunogona kuwirirana nehuwandu hunowanikwa mukuderedza kuora mwoyo muhofisi yechiremba.Achiremba uyo akanga asvetuka pane imwe pfungwa pamusoro pechirwere chinonzi murwere angazobvunza mibvunzo uye kutsvaga uchapupu hwokuti zvinotarisa kusimbisa kuti kuongororwa panguva inenge ichitarisa uchapupu hunenge huchida kuvhiringidza iyo.Groopman inoratidza kuti kurapwa kwechiremba kunofanira kusanganisira nzira yekufungidzira inokurudzira iyo inogona kuita kuti vanachiremba vatsva vazive kukanganisa kwakadai Kuziva, izvo zvinhu, zvinotungamirira kuzvikanganiso zvishoma zvekuongorora. muongorori akanaka achaongorora maonero ake ekutanga kutsvaga uchapupu hunopesana nehana iyoyo. "
Shoko Rinobva
Zvinosuruvarisa, isu tose tine chisarudzo chekusimbisa. Kunyange kana iwe uchida kuti iwe unofunga zvakanyanya uye unongotarisisa chokwadi chisati chauya kugumisiro, zvinenge zvichida kuti zvimwe kukanganisa kuchaita maonero ako pakupedzisira. Izvo zvakaoma kurwisana nemafungiro aya chaiwo.
Asi, kana tichiziva nezvehutano hwekusimbisa uye kubvuma chokwadi chekuti iripo, tinogona kuedza kuiziva. Izvozvo zvingatibatsira kuti tione zvinhu kubva kune imwe nzira, kunyange zvisingamboiti chivimbiso.
> Sources:
> Grey PO. Psychology. 6th ed. New York: Worth Worth Publishers; 2011.
> Goodwin CJ, Goodwin KA. Tsvakurudzo mu Psychology: Nzira uye Chigadzirwa. 7th ed. New Jersey: John Wiley nevanakomana; 2013.
> Poletiek FH. Kuongorora-Kuedza Maitiro. Psychology Press; 2013.
> Sanderson CA. Social Psychology . 1st ed. New Jersey: John Wiley nevanakomana; 2010.