Pano pane mabasa mashomanana mumhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzepfungwa
Ndezvipi zvakasiyana-siyana zvepfungwa dzepfungwa uye chii chavanoita mumhando dzakasiyana-siyana mune zvepfungwa? Apo vanhu vanonzwa izwi rokuti chigoglogi, vazhinji vanofungidzira kamwe murume kana mukadzi akagara muhofisi, kunyora zvinyorwa apo munyori anogara pachiganda chinoputika. Zvechokwadi, kune zvakawanda zvepfungwa dzepfungwa dzinobata murudzi urwu rwehutano hwekutaura , asi vanhu vanoshanda mumunda wepfungwa vanoitawo zvimwe zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana.
Waiziva here kuti kune magwepistori anodzidza kuti vanhu vanoshanda sei uye vanobatana nemashandisirwo ari munharaunda yavo? Kana kuti vamwe vanofunga nezvepfungwa vanouya nenzira dzekubatsira kupisa kwepasi kunonoka? Pasi pane urongwa hwezvimwe zvezvinhu zvinokosha uye mabasa akaenzana avanosanganisira.
Aviation Psychologists
Aya mazvikokota epfungwa vanoongorora maitiro evarayiridzi uye vamwe vashandi vendiza. Nyanzvi dzepfungwa dzepfungwa dzinoitawo tsvakurudzo pamusoro pekuchengetedza ndege, kusimbisa matsva ekudzidzisa, uye kubatsira kusarudza vashandi vakakodzera.
Semuenzaniso, nyanzvi yemapurisa angangosarudza kana kunyange kukura kuongororwa kwepfungwa kunoshandiswa kuvhara vashanduri vekutsvaga nzvimbo dzepamusoro. Nemhaka yehutano hwakanyanya uye husina kunaka hwebasa racho, zvakakosha kusarudza vatsva vane utano hwakanaka, vakagadzikana, uye vanogona kukunda kutsungirira kukuru. Nyanzvi dzepfungwa dzinoongorora mashandisi dzinoshandisa ruzivo rwadzo rwepfungwa kuti dzive nechokwadi chokuti vanhu chete vakanakisisa vanosarudzwa nokuda kwemaitiro akaoma.
Nyanzvi dzepfungwa dzinoongorora magetsi dzinogonawo kushanda nedzimwe nyanzvi dzinosanganisira injini uye vanhu vanofunga nezvepfungwa dzepfungwa kuti vaumbe zvakasiyana-siyana zvezvikwata zvakadai semakambani kana kuti mapurisa ekubhururuka. Nokutora pfungwa dzepfungwa dzevanhu pakufungisisa panguva yekugadzirwa kwezvinhu, magetsi ekupenda kwepfungwa vanogona kubatsira kusimbisa kuti zvigadzirwa izvi zvinokurudzirwa nekunzwisisa, kucherechedza , nekuyeuka , nezvimwe zvinokwanisa mupfungwa.
Biopsychologists
Aya mazvikokota ezvepfungwa anowanzonziwo maitiro ekurapa kwepfungwa kana masayendisiti epfungwa. Vanodzidza uye vanoita tsvakurudzo pane uropi nemafambiro. Nokuongorora maitiro ezvinyorwa zvekushandura, biopsychologists vanogona kunzwisisa zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvehupenyu izvo zvingaita kuti vanhu vafunge, kunzwa, uye kuita.
Rudzi urwu rwezvepfungwa dzinogonawo kuongorora kuti chirwere chepfungwa uye kukuvadza kunokanganisa sei maitiro. Nokunyatsonzwisisa kuti vanhu vanobatwa sei nekukuvadzwa uye zvirwere zvakadai, vanotsvakurudza vanogonawo kuwana nzira itsva dzekudzivirira, kubata, uye kugadzirisa zvakakomba zvehupfungwa zvirwere uye kushungurudzika.
Clinical Psychologists
Vanachiremba vepfungwa vanoongorora, kuongorora uye kubata vanhu vanotambura nepfungwa dzepfungwa uye chirwere chepfungwa. Vanoshandisawo psychotherapy uye vanoita zvirongwa zvekurapa.
Vanachipangamazano vepfungwa vanowanzoshanda muzvipatara, makiriniki ehutano hwepfungwa, uye maitiro emunhu oga. Vanodzidziswa nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana dzokurapa asi vanogona kunyanya kugadzirisa zvimwe zvinetso kana kushanda nevamwe vanhu. Semuenzaniso, chiremba wezvemagariro wepfungwa anogona kunyanya kunzvimbo yakadai sekushandisa zvinodhaka, utano hwemwana hwehutano, hutano hwehutano hwevanhu, kana hutano hwakanaka hwepfungwa.
Kunyange zvazvo makiriniki epfungwa anowanzoshanda muzvigadzirwa zvezvechiremba, haasi vanachiremba uye munguva dzakawanda haagoni kupa mishonga .
Mafungiro eVapfungwa
Nyanzvi dzezvepfungwa dzinoongorora maonero anoita vanhu, kusanganisira nyaya dzakadai sekugadzirisa chisarudzo nekugadzirisa matambudziko . Rudzi urwu rwemagariro ehupfungwa hunofarira kuti huro hunoita sei, hunodzidza, hutenga, hunobvuma, uye hunoshandisa ruzivo.
Nyanzvi dzepfungwa dzinoziva nezvekuziva dzinogona kushanda mumhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzinosanganisira zvikoro zvemasunivhesiti, nzvimbo dzekutsvakurudza, zvivako zvekuvandudza, zvipatara, masangano ehurumende, uye munharaunda yega. Vashandi vari mundima iyi vanowanzoita mabasa akawanda akaita sekuita tsvakurudzo uye kushanda nevarwere.
Sezvimwe nedzimwe nzvimbo dzepfungwa, masayendisiti ekuziva nezvemagariro anowanzosarudza kugadzirisa mune imwe nzvimbo yakadai seyeuchidzo, kubudirira mumutauro, kutarisa, kugadzirisa matambudziko , kana kuremara kudzidza.
Community Psychologists
Rudzi urwu rwepfungwa dzepfungwa dzinoita tsvakurudzo panyaya dzehutano hwehutano. Vanotsvakawo kudzidzisa nharaunda uye kukudziridza zvirongwa zvekudzivirira. Aya maitiro anonyanya kutungamira pakubatsira kutungamirira kuchinja kwakanaka kune vose uye pamagariro evanhu.
Iwe unogona kuwana nzvimbo dzepfungwa dzepfungwa dzinoshanda munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana mumayunivhesiti, masangano ehurumende, masangano emagariro evanhu, uye mabhizimisi ega ega sevaporofesa, vadzidzisi, vadzidzisi vezano, vatungamiri vepurogiramu, uye vatsvakurudzi.
Kutsvakurudza munharaunda ino kunowanzova nhanho-yakarongeka uye inonyanya kuisa mukugadzirisa mamiriro echokwadi-nyika anogona kuiswa pakarepo. Vagari vomunyanzvi dzepfungwa vanoshanda kugadzirisa matambudziko emagariro evanhu, kukurudzira hutano uye hukama, nekuita mitemo inovandudza hupenyu hwevanhu.
Kuenzanisa Masayendisiti
Kuenzanisa kwepfungwa dzepfungwa dzinoongorora maitiro ezvisikwa zvakasiyana-siyana, zvikurukuru mhuka nemafambiro evanhu zvakasiyana sei. Sei uchifanira kudzidza mhuka? Nokuti kunyange zvazvo pane zviri pachena kuti zvakasiyana-siyana, zvinofungidzirwa kuti zvimwe zvinhu zvinogona kubata zvechokwadi kune zvisikwa zvose. Nokudaro kudzidza kudzidzira uye mhinduro dzemhuka dzakadai semakonzo nembwa zvinogona kupa maonero mumitemo yevanhu pamwe chete.
Kucherechedza kwakadaro kwakaratidza kukosha mune zvakawanda zvepfungwa dzepfungwa. Basa raTrrndike nemakate , basa raPavlov nembwa , uye basa raPalner nenjiva ndiyo mienzaniso yekuti kuongorora mufambiro wezvipfuwo kwakaunza sei mazano anoshanda kune vanhu.
Consumer Psychologists
Uyewo anozivikanwa sekutengesa masayendisiti epfungwa, vashandi vepfungwa vanoongorora maitiro evatengi uye vanovandudza maitiro ekutsvaga kusimudzira mabhizinesi. Icho chikwata chepfungwa dzepfungwa chinobatanidzwa mukubatsira mabhizinesi zviri nani kunzwisisa chii chinoita kuti vatengi vatenge zvigadzirwa nemabasa.
Vanotsvakurudza kuti vatengi vanoita sei pakushambadzira mharidzo, kuongorora nzira dzekuita mazano , uye kuongorora basa iro manzwiro anoita mukutenga zvisarudzo. Izvi zvidzidzo zvinobatsira mabhizimusi kukura mishandisirwo ekutengeserana, kuzivisa vavanzwi vese, kuumba michina inoshuva kune vamwe vatengi, uye kudzidza nezvemaonero mavo pamusoro pezvipfeko uye mazvigadzirwa zvomuviri uye kuchinja. Vanoita mabasa aya kuburikidza nekushandiswa kwekutsvakurudza kwemashamba, kuongorora, kuongorora kwezvinhu , uye mapoka ekutsvaga vatengi.
Kupa mazano Masayendisiti
Kupa mazano kwepfungwa dzepfungwa kunopa psychotherapy kune vanhu vanotambura nekusawirirana kwepfungwa, matambudziko emitemo, matambudziko emanzwiro, kushungurudzika, uye nyaya dzakabatana. Aya maitiro anowanzobatana nevakawanda pamwe neyechirongwa chepfungwa dzepfungwa. Zvose izvi zvinopa psychotherapy , inowanzoshanda muhutano hwepfungwa, uye inogona kuzvizivisa zviri pamutemo se "vane chiremera chepfungwa" mune chero mamiriro ese muU.S.
Muchinjikwa-Mutsika Masayendisiti
Rudzi urwu rwemagariro ezvepfungwa rinotarisa kuti vanhu vanosiyana sei kune dzimwe tsika uye kuti hukama hwemagariro hunochinja sei maitiro. Vanowanzotsvaga kuti zvakasiyana sei zvetsika zvingangodaro zvakasikwa kana kuti zvakasiyana-siyana mumitemo yakasiyana. Kune mienzaniso, maitiro epakati pemagariro evanhu vanogona kutsvakurudza kuti maitiro ekuberekera vana akasiyana sei pakati pemagariro evanhu vanopesana netsika dzakasiyana-siyana uyewo kuti kusiyana kwakadini mukurera kunobata maitiro evanhu vakuru.
Developmental Psychologists
Vashandi vezvepfungwa vanobudirira vanoongorora kufambira mberi kwevanhu mukati mehupenyu hwose. Vamwe vanotarisa pane imwe nguva yakadai sehuduku , huduku , hukuru, kana kukwegura. Aya maitiro anogona kuita mabasa akadai sekuongorora vana vanogona kunge vakanonoka kukura kana kuremara, kutsvakurudza nyaya dzinobatanidza nekukwegura, nekudzidza kuti unyanzvi hwemutauro hunowanikwa sei.
Vamwe vanoita zvekupfungwa kwepfungwa vanogona kufunga nezvekutsvakurudza uye kuwedzera pakunzwisisa kwedu nyaya dzinokurudzira dzinogona kuitika muupenyu hwose. Dzimwe nyanzvi dzinogona kuita basa rakashandiswa nevatengi vanoda rubatsiro kutarisana nenhaurirano.
Dzidzo dzepfungwa
Ava vanoongorora nezvepfungwa vanoongorora kuti vanhu vanodzidza sei uye nzira yekudzidzisa. Izvi zvingasanganisira kusimbisa mazano ekudzidzisa uye nzira dzokudzidzisa. Vamwe vezvepfungwa dzepfungwa vanoongorora zvipo kana kudzidzira hurema.
Rudzi urwu rwemagariro ezvepfungwa rinotarisa kuti hutano, ruzivo, uye mafungiro zvinokanganisa sei kudzidza. Dzimwe nyanzvi mundima iyi dzinonyanya kuzivikanwa nekubata nezvinetso zvingave zvinopesana nekuti vana vanodzidza sei. Vamwe vanonyanya kutsvaga kutsvakurudza ruzivo rwekudzidza, asi vamwe vanogona kungoisa pfungwa pakugadzirisa zvidzidzo zvekudzidzisa izvo zvinowedzera zvidzidzo zvekudzidza.
Engineering Engineering Psychologists
Ubunyanzvi hwepfungwa dzepfungwa dzinotarisa pakuwana nzira dzokusimudzira mano evanhu kuburikidza nekuvandudza makemikari, zvigadzirwa, teknolojia, uye nzvimbo dzebasa. Kunyange zvazvo vamwe vangaisa pfungwa pane imwe tsvakurudzo yekutanga, iyi inowanzowanzoshandiswa. Unyanzvi hwekugadzirwa kwemagariro evanhu vanoita basa rokugadzirisa matambudziko evanhu venyika uye nekugadzirisa mhinduro dzinogona kuva nemashandiro anobatsira muupenyu hwezuva nezuva.
Semuenzaniso, vashandi vari munharaunda iyi vangave vaine basa rekudzidzira teknolojia iyo inogona kushandiswa muhutano hwehutano hwekutarisira kubatsira varwere kuti vawane nokukurumidza. Vanobatsirawo kugadzira nekugadzirisa zvinhu zvinoshandiswa nevanhu zuva nezuva zuva nezuva kusanganisira mafoni nemotokari.
Environmental Psychologists
Nyanzvi dzepfungwa dzekusimba dzinoongorora hukama pakati pevanhu nenzvimbo dzayo dzakapoteredza, kusanganisira nzvimbo dzakasikwa pamwe chete uye zvakasikwa. Izvi zvinogona kusanganisira kushanda pamishonga yekuchengetedza, kubatsira kudzivirira zvipembenene zvisikwa, nekutsvaga nzira dzekumisa kupisa kwenyika. Aya maitiro anogona kushanda sevanotsvakurudza kuti vaongorore zvinokonzera vanhu pane zvakatipoteredza. Dzimwe nyanzvi dzepfungwa dzekugadzirwa kwezvakatipoteredza dzinoshandawo muhurumende kuti dzigadzirise mitemo yezvakatipoteredza
Forensic Psychologists
Forensic psychologists vanofunga nezvehukama pakati pepfungwa uye mutemo. Izvi zvinogona kusanganisira kuita semuongorori munyaya dzepamhosva kana mhirizhonga dzemagariro evanhu, kuita vana kuchengetedzwa kwevabereki, nekupa maitiro ehutano hwepfungwa kune avo vanoparwa mhosva.
Kutenda kuratidzwa kwakakurumbira mumafirimu nemapurogiramu ezerevhizheni, kufarira mundima iyi kwakura zvakanyanya mumakore achangopfuura. Kunyange zvazvo zviratidzo izvi zvepop pop idzi zvinowanzoratidzira nyanzvi yezvepfungwa yepamusoro sekushanda kushanda kunobata vatadzi, vechokwadi vezvenyanzvi dzepfungwa vanoita mabasa akadai sekuongorora vana vaduku uye vatadzi vakaipa pamusana wekuda kudzokera shure, kushanda pamwe nevana vachipupuriro, kuongorora ruzivo rwekutonga, nekupa ruzivo uchapupu mumatare.
Utano Masayendisiti
Utano hwepfungwa dzepfungwa dzinotarisana nehutano hwepfungwa, bhiiyosi, mapoka emagariro, uye mufambiro zvinokonzera hutano hwakanaka, kurwara, uye hutano hwehutano. Vanoshanda nevatengi kuti vabatsire kukurudzira hupenyu hwakanaka nekuvandudza hutano hwepfungwa nehutano.
Dzimwe nyanzvi munharaunda ino dzinoita basa remakiriniki apo vanoongorora uye vanobata vatengi vari kutsvaga rubatsiro nemhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzehutano. Izvi zvinogona kusanganisira kupa psychotherapy, kutungamirira kuongororwa kwepfungwa dzakasiyana, kudzidzisa vanhu nezvemaitiro akasiyana-siyana ekugadzirisa, uye kudzidzisa vatengi pamusoro pemitemo yakanaka.
Industrial-Organisational Psychologists
IO magwepistori anodzidza maitiro emabasa ekushanda akadai sekusarudza vashandi vakanakisisa emabasa chaiwo uye kuti vandowedzera sei vashandi vanobudirira. An IO nyanzvi yezvepfungwa angashandisa ruzivo rwake rwemagariro epfungwa kuti agadzire kuongororwa kuti aongorore vashandi vemabasa akasiyana-siyana.
Vanogonawo kuve nekugadzirisa zvirongwa zvekudzidzisa kune vashandi varipo kuti vawedzere ruzivo, kuwedzera kubudirira, uye kuderedza dambudziko. IO magwepfungwa ezvepfungwa vanowanzobvunzwa kuti vaongorore mabhizinesi muhutano hwehutano uye kutsvaga nzira itsva dzekuderedza mari, kuvandudza kubudirira, uye kuwedzere kugutsikana kwevashandi uye kuchengetedza.
Mauto Masayendisiti Masayendisiti
Masoja ezvepfungwa dzepfungwa dzinoita maitiro epfungwa mumamiriro ehondo. Izvi zvinogona kusanganisira zvinhu zvakadai sekurapa varwi vane chirwere chepfungwa kana kushushikana mupfungwa, kutsvakurudza zvinhu zvakasiyana zvehupenyu hwemasoja, uye kubatsira masoja kutendeuka kudzokera kuhupenyu hwevanhu.
Vamwe vezvemagariro ezvematongerwo enyika vanofunga nezvekuita psychotherapy mukati memapazi akasiyana ehondo, asi vamwe vanoshandisa ruzivo rwavo rwepfungwa dzevanhu nemafambiro ekugadzirira, kurwisa kushungurudzika, kudzidziswa, kugadzirisa zvisarudzo, uye hutungamiri.
Unhu Unyanzvi hwepfungwa
Unhu hwepfungwa dzepfungwa dzinodzidza zvakasiyana-siyana zveunhu uye kuti unhu hupi hunochinja hupenyu hwomunhu nemafambiro ake. Vatsvakurudzi vari mumunda wehupenyu hwepfungwa vanofarira nyaya dzakasiyana-siyana dzinogona kuva nekushanda muupenyu hwezuva nezuva.
Semuenzaniso, vangave vachidzidza kuti hupenyu huri sei uye kana hunogona kuchinjwa . Vanogonawo kuongorora kana humwe humwe unhu hwacho hwakasungirirwa kune zvirwere kana matambudziko, manhuro anoita sei zvisarudzo zvinoitwa nevanhu, uye zvinhu zvakawanda zvinobatsira pakuvandudza unhu.
Chikoro Masayendisiti
Chikoro chepfungwa dzepfungwa dzinobatsira vana kukunda matambudziko epfungwa, zvidzidzo, zvemagariro evanhu, uye maitiro muzvidzidzo zvechikoro. Vashandi vanoshanda munharaunda iyi yepfungwa vanoita basa rinokosha munharaunda yekudzidzisa, kazhinji kubatana nevabereki, vadzidzisi, vadzidzi, uye vamwe vashandi vekuchikoro kuti vaone kuti nzvimbo yekudzidza yakasimba, yakachengeteka, inotsigira, uye inobudirira.
Vana vari kurwisana nedambudziko rakasiyana-siyana, pasinei nehutsika, manzwiro, kana kudzidza mune zvezvisikwa, vanogona kushanda nemudzidzi wepfungwa dzekuchikoro kuti vauye neurongwa hunobudirira hwekutarisana nekutambudzika. Chikoro chepfungwa chechikoro chinopa kupindira kwakananga kana maitiro ekutungamirira kana zvichidiwa, kana kuti kungopa kupa rubatsiro uye mazano kuvadzidzi vanoda mumwe munhu kuti ataure naye.
Social Psychologists
Nyanzvi dzezvemagariro evanhu dzinodzidza mararamiro emapoka anosanganisira maitiro anoita vanhu mumagariro evanhu uye kuti mapoka anokurudzira sei mufambiro wega. Nyanzvi yezvemagariro evanhu inogona kutsvaga nyaya dzakasiyana-siyana kusanganisira mafungiro , kusarura , kukurukurirana, hukama hwevanhu, hutsinye , nekunyengetedza .
Kune dzimwe nyanzvi, izvi zvinowanzobatanidza kuongorora tsvakurudzo yakagadzirirwa kuwedzera kumanzwisisiro edu emagariro evanhu. Mune zvimwe zviitiko, masayendisiti ezvesuzhinji anoshandisa unyanzvi hwavo uye ruzivo kuti zvigadzirise maitiro evanhu kuitira kukurudzira mapoka ehupenyu uye anogutsa.
Sezvaunogona kuona kubva pane zvitsanangudzo zvishomanana, kune marudzi mazhinji ehupfungwa uye masayendisiti epfungwa anongotarisa pane zvakasiyana-siyana zvehupenyu hwevanhu. Kana uri kufunga nezvekushanda mune zvepfungwa, edza mhinduro yedu kuti uone kuti chii chepfungwa yekusarudza basa ndiyo yakakodzera iwe.
> Sources:
> American Psychological Association. Environmental Psychology Inoita Kuti Nyika Ive Nayo.
> Greenberg, G. Kuenzanisa Psychology uye Ethology. The Behavioral Neuroscientist uye Kuenzanisa Psychologist . American Psychological Association. 2010.
> Society of Community Research and Action. Chii Chinonzi Community Psychology? 2017.