Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) inoratidzwa nehuwandu hwezviratidzo. Maererano neMeyi 2013 kudzokorora kweKuongorora uye Statistical Manual yeMental Disorders (DSM-5), zviratidzo izvi zvinogona kusanganisira kushandura mukugadzirisa uye mafungiro, pamwe chete nekuchinjwa mukusimudzira uye kuchinja. Zviratidzo zvekuchinja uku zvinogona kusanganisira kusava nekutenda pamusoro pako; manzwiro asina kunaka akadai sekutya, kutsamwa uye kunyadziswa; kuderedza kufarira kuita zvinhu zvinotambudza; manzwiro ekuparadzanisa; kusakwanisa kuva nemafungiro akanaka; kunyadzisa; matambudziko kuisa; uye zvakaoma kurara.
Nhoroondo yeAspartame Approval
Aspartame inotapira, isina-saccharide sweetener inoshandiswa sechishanduko cheshuga, iyo inenge inenge 200 inotapira kupfuura sucrose. Iyo inoshandiswa nemuviri muviri inoputsika muzvikamu zvitatu: amino acids (aspartic acid uye phenylalanine) uye zvishoma zve methanol (methyl alcohol).
Zvakawanikwa muna 1965, aspartame yakatanga kupiwa mvumo yekushandiswa muzvokudya zvakaoma neChadya neDrug Administration (FDA) muna 1974. Gore raitevera, FDA yakaisa chigashiro pamusana pemibvunzo yakapoteredza kugona uye kuongorora kwezvidzidzo yakatumirwa naGD Searle (mugadziri we aspartame) panguva yekutanga yekuita basa. Muna 1980, weBublic Board of Inquiry (PBOI), yakagadzirwa neDFA, yakanzwa uchapupu pamusoro pezvinetso pamusoro pekutsanangurira kusangana pakati peAasartame uye kukanganisa kweuropi pamwe nemagumisiro eAsuptame pamusana pokukudziridza fetus.
Kunyange zvazvo PBOI isingabvumirano nemashoko akataurwa, Bhodi raive nemibvunzo yakawanda pamusoro pekubatana kweApartame uye kenza yeuropi. Somugumisiro wemibvunzo yakaburitswa paPBOI, Bhodi rakarambidza kubvumirwa kweAsuptame, zvichiri kutsvaga kuongorora. Muna 1981, mutsva mukuru weMDCA Arthur Hull Hayes, mukubvunzana nevasayendisiti veDFA, vakatsanangura maitiro akaitwa nePBOI maererano nekuchengetedzwa kweAasartartame.
Mushure mokudzokororwa kwezvimwe zvidzidzo, kusanganisira avo vachitaura nezvekwanisi yemukenza wehupombwe, aspartame yakabvumidzwa nokuda kwekushanda kwakanyatsonaka muna 1981.
Gore rinotevera, Searle akaisa chikumbiro neCDA kubvumira aspartame kubvumidzwa seanotapira muzvinwiwa zvinokonzerwa ne carbon and other liquids. Muna July 1983, aspartame yakabvumirwa kuiswa mune zvinodhaka pasinei nekupikisa kubva kuNational Soft Drink Association (NSDA), iyo yaifungisisa nezvekugadzikana kweAasartame mumvura uye inofunganya nokuti pane kutonhora kudarika 85 degrees Fahrenheit, methanol inopinda mu formaldehyde uye Diketopiperazine (DKP), iyo inogona kuva inotyisa pamvura yakakwirira yekudya.
Basa Rino uye Zvitubu zveZvikamu zveApartame
Aspartic acid (inozivikanwawo se asparaginic acid) inobatsira kuchengetedza kubudisa hormone uye kusunungurwa uye inobatsira kuchengetedza chirwere chemaitiro chinowanzoshandiswa, pamwe chete nekusimudzira svates mukati mehutano hwenheyo. Aspartic acid inobatsirawo kuchinja marhydrates muhutu. Iyo inozivikanwa seine mamiriro ezvinhu kana "asiri anokosha" amino acid nokuti hatidi kudya zvokudya kuitira kuti tiiwane; zvinowanzogadziriswa nemitumbi yedu. Zvisinei, tinozvibaya kana tichidya marangi, soya, lentils, saumoni, oyster, asparagus uye dzimwe dzakawanda zvine mapuroteni akawanda.
Phenylalanine is amino acid iyo inotora chikamu chakakosha pakuumbwa kwemapuroteni nemamwe mapurogiramu eurourochemicals, kusanganisira dopamine uye adrenaline. Sezvinokosha kana kuti "zvinokosha" amino acid, haigone kubudiswa nemitumbi yedu uye saka inofanira kuwanikwa kubva kune zvokudya zvakadai semhuka, hove uye mishonga yemiti pamwe nemaruva nemafuta.
Methyl doro (rinowanzozivikanwa sehuni doro) inowanikwa mumhepo yakachena, shellac, kupisa pepende, mvura yekunyorera, uye antifreeze. Kubudisa pachena kunogona kukonzera uhuzha, kurutsa, kuputika, uye kupofu. Sezvo 2oz shoma inogona kuuraya munhu mukuru. Zvisinei, mishonga yakasiyana-siyana yezvokudya ine tsananguro yakawandisa yemethyl alcohol, kusanganisira waini; juice yearangi uye jisi remurapefruit juice; michero, kunyanya maapuro, black currants uye tomate; mishonga yakadai sezambatata, marussels anomera, celery uye parsnips; uye kusvuta nyama nehove.
Mune rimwe zuva, munhu wepakati anoshandisa anenge 10mg ye methanol zuva nezuva sechikamu chekudya kwavo nguva dzose. A inogona kudya soda yakasanganiswa ne aspartame inobatsira anenge 20mg ye methyl doro kuti adye.
Formaldehyde ikemikari ine simba inoshandiswa pakugadzirisa zvinhu nekugadzirisa. Inoshandiswawo sekuchengetedza mu laboratories nemamato uye inogona kuwanikwa mumotokari yemoto. Iro yakanyorwa zita rokuti "carcinogen" inozivikanwa neInternational Agency for Research on Cancer uye se "chiitiko chinokonzera vanhu" ne Environmental Protection Agency. Formaldehyde inowanzovapo mumhepo (zvose zviri mukati uye kunze) pasi pe033 zvikamu pamamiriyoni (ppm). Paunenge uripo mumhepo pane mazinga anodarika 0.1ppm, kutsamwa kumeso, mhuno, huro, uye ganda zvinogona kuitika. Zvisinei, formaldehyde inowanzoberekwa nemuviri muhuwandu hwakawanda kupfuura huri kubudiswa mukuparara kweAsuptame - uye formaldehyde inokosha pakuumbwa kwezvikamu zvakawanda, kusanganisira DNA. Kunewowo formaldehyde inowanikwa mune zvakasiyana-siyana zvekudya , kusanganisira mabhanana, pears, cauliflower, kohlrabi, yakasvibiswa shitake mushroom, ham, sausage uye mhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzinodyiwa dze crustaceans. Imwe jelly imwe yehairi inosunungurwa makumi mana kudarika formaldehyde kupfuura yakakwana yezvokudya soda - uye hapana anodya jelly imwe chete yebhanhire.
Diketopiperazine (DKP), inonziwo dioxopiperazine kana piperazinedione, haisi ikemikari imwe chete. Pane kudaro, DKP inoreva boka rezvisikwa zvemao molecule. Ndicho chirevo chechipiri cheDKP chinowanikwa mumuviri sechinhu chinoparara chechikamu chiduku chemadhydro doro muAsartartame. DKP inogona kuwanikwa muzvokudya zvakawanda kusanganisira zviyo, chezi, chokoti, kofi, bheri, uye mukaka. DKP yakabatanidzwawo neuroprotective basa, kuratidza zvakanyanya kuderedzwa kero kerufu inobatanidza necrosis (nguva isati yasvika kufa), apoptosis (preprogrammed cell cell death) kana kukuvadzwa.
The Safety of Aspartame
Izvo zvikamu zvitatu zveaspartame (aspartic acid, phenylalanine, uye methyl doro) uyewo formaldehyde uye DKP iyo methanol inogona kuputsika kusvika pane yakakwirira yekuchengetedza, yakakonzera kushushikana kune vamwe vanhu kubvira pakatanga aspartame. Maererano naAnn Louise Gittleman, Ph.D., muGuta reSuar Out , inenge 75 kubva muzana yezvikwangwani zvose kune FDA nezvekudya ndeye aspartame.
Zvisinei, FDA, European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) uye kunyange American Cancer Society inotaura kuti aspartame haisi mungozi kana inopedzwa muhuwandu maererano neyakagamuchirwa zuva nezuva (ADI). An ADI inotarisirwa kuva 1 / 100th ye-hapana-yakaonekwa-effect level (NOEL). IAOEL ndiyo yakanyanya kukanganiswa kwechimwe chinhu chisingaiti chero shanduko kune kukura, kubudirira kana hupenyu hwehupenyu.
Iyo FDA yakagadza ADI yeaspartame pamamirigiramu 50 kilogiramu (mg / kg) wehutemi hwehumwe nezuva. IEFSA's ADI yeAaspartame yakaderera, pamamiriyoni 40 kilogiramu (mg / kg) wehutemi hwemuviri pazuva. Kuisa izvi nenzira yakajeka, munhu mukuru anorema 165lb. aifanira kunwa madzimai anenge makumi maviri ezvokudya soda kana kudya mapepa zana e-sweetener kuti adye ADI yeAsartartame kwezuva rimwe chete. Rimwe 12oz. chinogona kudya kudya soda ine inenge 190mg ye aspartame, iyo inopinda mu 90mg ye phenylalanine, 72mg yeaspartic acid uye 18mg ye methanol.
Nokuenzanisa, 8oz. yemukaka ine 404mg ye phenylalanine uye 592mg yeaspartic acid. Chokoti, chingwa chega, pizza, pizza, mazai, Parmesan cheese, lobster, tuna, chicken, gwayana, uye turkey zvose zvinowedzera phenylalanine pane kushumira kupfuura kudya soda. Rimwe bhanana rinowedzera methanol kupfuura inogona kudya sodha, sezvinoita girasi rejosi yejasi re 8oz.
Zvakakosha kucherechedza, zvisinei, kuti yakawanda methanol inowanikwa muzvokudya inosungirwa pectin, iyo muviri wemunhu haugoni kucheka nekuti haina maantimu emuti uye naizvozvo methanol haisunungurwi. Zvokudya izvi kazhinji zvinewo ethanol, iyo inopesana nemigumisiro ye methanol. Iyi haisi iyo iyo ye methanol chikamu cheAsartartame, iyo inonzi "methanol yakasununguka."
An ADI ye7,5 milligrams kilogram (mg / kg) wehutano hwemazuva nezuva yakagadzirirwa DKP ne Joint FAO / WHO Expert Committee yeDzimwe IAditives (JECFA), FDA neKomiti yeUnited States yeHutori hwema1980. Muna 1987, FDA Chekugadzirisa tsvina Dkt Jacqueline Verrett akapupura pamberi peCongress kuti DKP yakabatanidzwa sechikonzero cheutterine polyps uye kuchinja muropa rekutsvaga ropa. Zvisinei, muna 2012, sechikamu chekudzokorora kwaro kwezvokudya zvekugadzira zvekugadzira, European Food Food Authority (EFSA) yakakumbira dhesi yakawedzerwa pane DKP, iyo yakazopedzisira yakawanikwa yakachengeteka mumagariro echishandiswa. Gore rakatevera, EFSA yakagumisa kuti mukana wekuwanikwa kune DKP kubva kune zvese zvezvokudya zvakaenzana 1 / 75th kusvika 1 / 4th yeADI yeDKP uye naizvozvo haigoni kubhadhara mukana wekuchengetedzwa kwekushandisa kubva kune DKP.
Phenylketonuria
Kune imwe yenhamba iyo aspartame yakaratidza kuti inotyisa zvikuru: vanhu vanotambura nejenetic condition phenylketonuria (PKU). PKU isiri yeruzhinji inokonzera kuora mwoyo, kureva kuti mwana aizotora nhaka yeropa risina kushanda kubva kumubereki mumwe nomumwe. Vana vakaberekerwa nePKU vasingakwanisi kugadzirisa phenylalanine, chimwe chezvikamu zve aspartame. Kuvakwa kwe phenylalanine kunogona kukonzera kukanganisa, zvinetso zvekuita, uye kukurudzira uye kugadzirisa kunonoka. Kunyange zvazvo kushandiswa kwe aspartame (pamwe chete nedzimwewo kudya zvine phenylalanine) kunogona kuva nemigumisiro yakaipisisa kune munhu ane PKU, zvakakosha kuyeuka kuti PKU inowanzosangana nemasikirini, ayo vana vanoongororwa pakuzvarwa. Haisi chinhu chingava nehanya nazvo kunze kwekuti iwe uine chirwere chePKU.
Aspartame uye PTSD
Mushure mokunge data yose yave yakataurwa munyaya ino inoratidza kuti aspartame (uye iyo inhengo) yakanzi yakachengeteka nemazhinji emasangano ekutarisira pasi rose, nei zvichifanira kuva nehanya kune vanhu vane PTSD vanodya aspartame? Chidzidzo chegore re2014 chikoro cheNorth of North Dakota chakaratidza kuti vamwe vanhu vakura vane hutano vakadya kudya-aspartame (25 mg / kg yehutano hwemazuva / zuva, iyo inenge iine hafu yeADI yeAsuptame) yakaratidza kuwedzerwa kusagadzikana, kuwedzera kuora mwoyo uye kuoma ine nzvimbo yepakati. Kushanda chiyeuchidzo (icho chiri kushandiswa kwekanguva kwekuyeuka kwemazwi kusanganisa mabasa) haina kuchinjwa. Mushure memazuva masere pamakudya epamusoro-aspartame, zvidzidzo zvaiva nemavhiki maviri ishout panguva (apo zvidzidzo zvacho zvakanga zvisinganyatsogadziriswa aspartame yekushandisa) zvichienderana nemazuva masere pane kudya kwepasi-aspartame (10 mg / kg yehutano hwehuviri /zuva).
Izvi zviitiko zvekuderedza kuora mwoyo kwakanyorwa panguva yeYunivhesiti yeNorth Dakota kudzidza kukweretesazve kubvuma kune imwe yedzidzo yevane varwere makumi matatu, iyo hafu yadzo yakanga ine dambudziko re unipolar. Vakatora vakapiwa 30 mg / kg wehutatu hwemazuva / zuva reasitartame (60% yeADI) kana placebo kwemazuva manomwe. Kunyange zvazvo nyaya dzisina nhoroondo yekuora mwoyo dzisina zviratidzo pasinei neboka ripi ravakagoverwa, avo vane nhoroondo yekuora mwoyo vakaratidza zviratidzo zvakawanda, zvimwe zvacho zvaive zvakanyanya. Ichokwadi, iyo Institutional Review Board yakamisa purojekiti nekuda kwekuita kwevaya vanobatana nekutambudzika.
Chimwe chezvinhu zvinoshandiswa pakuparara asidi gluconeogenesis (chizvarwa cheglucose). Imwe yeimwe basa guru ndeyeyeurotransmitter agonist. An agonist anobatsira kuita basa rekugamuchira. Sezvo aspartate (inonzi conjugate base of aspartic acid), iyo inosimudzira NMDA receptors, sezvinoita glutamate. Aspartate inogonawo kuumba neurotransmitter NMDA, nekubatana neboka re methyl kubva kune imwe muzvikamu. Sezvo, Chikamu, saka, inoshanda seyeurotransmitter pachayo uye sechivakwa chekuvaka kune imwe nyurotransmitter.
NEMDA receptor inonyanya kuve nekutarisira kuchengetedza mamiriro ekuyeuka uye kugadzirisa synaptic plasticity (kushandura simba kana kushaya simba kwechigashira pane nguva, uyewo nhamba yezvinyamupinyi pane synapse). Kuti iyo NMDA receptor ishande zvakanaka, inoda kusunga pamwe ne glycine kana D-serine, pamwe chete ne glutamate (kana NMDA). Glycine-site NMDA receptor agonist inobata chivimbiso chemishonga mitsva kuti ibatsire kupesana, kuzvidya mwoyo, uye kurwadziwa.
Zvisinei, mamwe mapepa, anosanganisira NMDA, anogona kuve akawedzera uye anokonzera neuronal excitotoxicity. Izvi zvinogona kutungamirira kusero rinokanganisa nekufa, kusanganisira kumukoko, unoita basa guru mukukodhidza kutya kutya. Muchizimu mune vanhu vane PTSD vatove vasina unyengeri; kuwedzera kukanganisa kubva neuronal excitotoxicity kunogona kuwedzera kukanganisa kutadza kusati kwaitika. Dopamine inogona kubatsira kudzivirira masero anorega neurotoxicity asi vanhu vane kuora mwoyo (kanowanzova comorbid chimiro nePTSD) vanowanzotambura nevana vasingawanzo dopamine. Kudya zvokudya uye zvinwiwa nepamusoro maaspartame zvinogona kutungamirira kuwanda kweNMDA iyo inogona kukonzera neuronal excitotoxicity.
Mhedziso
Zvichida kuti zvidzidzo zvenguva ichangobva kuratidza zvakaratidza kuwirirana pakati pekuwedzera kwekuora mwoyo uye kudya kwepamusoro-aspartame, zvinoratidzika zvakakosha kuti vanhu avo vanowanzova nekudzvinyirirwa episodes (kusanganisira avo vane PTSD) vanofanira kuvhara kudya kwavo kweAsuptame pasi pe ADI ye 50 mg / kg wehutano hwemuviri / zuva, pasinei nekuwedzera kwekuita sekuchengeteka kwevanhu vose. Izvi zvinowedzera zvakajeka patinofunga kuti chidzidzo chimwechete zvakare chakawedzera kuwedzerwa kusagadzikana uye kwakataura kukanganiswa kwekugadzirisa, zviratidzo izvo vanhu vanorwara nePTSD vatova vanonetseka. Pakupedzisira, tichifunga nezvekugona kukanganisa kwakaitwa kumukoko wekemikari ne excitotoxin NMDA, kufungidzirwa kunofanira kutorwa pamusoro pekushandisa aspartame kune avo vane PTSD kana mamwe mamiriro ehutano hwepfungwa sehukuru hwekuora mwoyo.
Aspartame inotengeswa pasi pezita rezita rinonzi NutraSweet, Equal uye Sugar Twin.
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