Kushandisa Zvinodhaka Kuwedzera Munyika Yose, Survey Inoona
Pasinei nemitemo yakawanda yezvinodhaka uye mitemo inorambidza munyika, United States inewo hutsika hukuru hwehupenyu huri pamutemo pamutemo cocaine uye kushandisa marijuju, maererano nekuongorora kwevanhu vanopfuura 54 000 munyika 17.
IUnited States inewo yepamusoro yepamusoro yehupenyu hwekushandisa fodya asi inouya yechitatu mukushandisa doro, shure kweUkraine neGermany.
Kudzidza, naLouisa Degenhardt weYunivhesiti yeNew South Wales (Sydney, Australia) uye vashandi pamwe navo, inobva kuWorld Health Organization's Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI).
Cocaine uye Marijuana Shandisa
Kuongororwa, kwakabvunza vatori vechikamu nezvehupenyu hwavo hwekodhaine , mbanje , fodya nekudhakwa, vakawana kuti 16.2% yevanhu muUnited States vakashandisa cocaine pane imwe nguva munguva yehupenyu hwavo. Iyi chiwero chakanga chaita kanomwe kuyerwa kwenyika yechipiri, New Zealand, uko 4.3% vakati vainge vaedza cocaine.
Vatsvakurudzi vakaonawo kuti 42.4% yevanhu muUnited States vakapa marijuana kushandisa munguva yavo yeupenyu. Nhamba yeZ Zealand yaiva yechipiri ine 41.9%, asi nyika mbiri dzakanga dziri mberi mberi kune imwe 15 muhupenyu hwose hwekushandisa mari.
Kushandiswa Kwemazuva Ano Kunowedzera Kuonekwa
Izvi zvinove zvakataurwawo muNational Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) inoitwa gore negore nekushandisa Dambudziko Rokukuvadza uye Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA).
Muna 2013, tsvakurudzo iyoyo yakaratidza kuti inofungidzirwa 24.6 mamiriyoni eAmerica ane makore 12 kana kupfuura-9,4 muzana yevanhu-vakange vashandisa mishonga isina kukodzera mumwedzi wapfuura.
Nhamba yevashandisi vezvinodhaka vasina kushandisa zvinodhaka (avo vakashandisa mumwedzi wapfuura) inobva ku8,3 muzana muna 2002. Kuwedzerwa kunowanzokonzerwa nekuwedzera kwekushandisa mariko.
Kunyange zvazvo kushandiswa kweimwe mishonga isina kukodzera mhirizhonga kwakakonzerwa kana kuderera pamusoro pemakore gumi adarika, nhamba dzeSNSD dzinoratidza kuti vashandi vebasa rekugadzira yakawanda vapfuura kubva pa5,8 kubva ku7 kusvika ku7,5 kubva muna 2007 kusvika muna 2013.
Zvinodhaka Zvinodhaka Hazvikwanisi
"Kushandisa zvinodhaka kunobatanidza nemari, asi haisi kuenzanirana nehutano hwezvinodhaka, sezvo nyika dzine mitemo yakawanda yekushandisa zvinodhaka zvisina kushandiswa kwemishonga yakanga isisina mikana yakaderera yekushandisa zvinodhaka kunze kwenyika dzine mazano akawanda," Degenhardt uye vashandi pamwe chete nyora.
"IUnited States, iyo inenge ichityaira mhando yepasi rose yekutsvakurudza mishonga uye yekushandisa zvinodhaka, inoratidzika nehuwandu hwekushandisa doro, cocaine uye cannabis, pasinei nekurangwa kwemishonga isina kukodzera mishonga, uyewo (mune dzakawanda dzeAmerica) zvakanyanya kuderera mutemo kudhakwa kunwa doro kudarika nyika dzakafanana dzakagadzirwa, "vanonyora kudaro.
"Netherlands, ine chirango chiduku chinoshandiswa pakushandisa kannabis kupfuura United States, yakawana maitiro mashoma ekushandisa, kunyanya pakati pevanhu vaduku," rinodaro mushumo. "Zviri pachena, pachedu, chirango chekurova uye kushandisa sarudzo kuti zvigadzirise kushandiswa kwemaitiro emadhora ose ekushandisa zvinodhaka kwemishonga."
Kushandisa Zvinodhaka Mitengo Yakakwirira Pamusana peVaduku Vakapinda
Heano mamwe emamwe magwaro matsva ekudzidza:
- Varume vangave vakangodaro vakashandisa mhando dzose dzemishonga, asi kuti gaka revakadzi rakapedzana pakati pevaduku vashoma.
- Vakuru vechidiki vainyanya kunge vakashandisa mishonga yose mukudzidza kupfuura vanhu vakuru.
- Vaya vakanga vasati varoorana kana kuti vakaroorana vainge vaine huwandu hwakawanda hwefodya, cocaine uye mbanje kushandisa, asi kwete doro rinoshandiswa.
- Mari yepamusoro yakabatanidzwa nepamusoro yehutano hwezvinhu zviviri zviri pamutemo uye zvisiri pamutemo zvekushandisa zvinodhaka.
- Kusvuta fodya kunowanikwa pakati pevanhu vakambove vakaroora asi vashoma pane avo vasina kumbobvira vakaroorana.
- Doro rinoshandiswa nezera remakore gumi nemashanu raive rakajairika pakati peEurope kupfuura kuMiddle East kana Afrika.
Survey Results Haisi Yakaoma
"Paiva nemishonga yakawanda yekubatwa kwezvinodhaka pakati pevechidiki kune vakwegura vese munyika dzose, vachiratidza kuti kushandiswa kwemishonga kune uye kunogona kuenderera mberi kuchinja munguva yezvakaitika kare," vakanyora vanonyora. "Zvinofadza kuti paiva nehumwe uchapupu hunoratidza kuti kusiyana kwevarume nemadzimai mukutanganisa kushandiswa kwezvinodhaka kungave kuchinjeka mumakwikwi akawanda ekuzvarwa.
"Kuchinja uku kwaive kusinganzwisisiki kune dzimwe nyika, zvichiratidza kuti kuchinja kukuru kunogona kuitika mukuremekedza tsika dzepabonde dzepabonde dzinowanzonyorwa nekushandisa zvinodhaka."
Kunobva:
Degenhardt L, et al. (2008) "Kutarisa Kuona Kwemhepo Doro, Fodya, Cannabis, uye Cocaine Kushandisa: Tsvakurudzo dzinobva kuWorld World Mental Health Surveys." PLoS Medicine 1 Mbudzi 2008