Kutsvakurudza kwenguva refu ndeye rudzi rwekushandura kwehurumende kunosanganisira kutarisa mhando dzakasiyana kwenguva yakareba. Rudzi urwu rwekudzidza runogona kuitika pane imwe nguva yemavhiki, mwedzi, kana kunyange makore. Mune zvimwe zviitiko, kudzidza kwenguva refu kunogona kupedza makumi emakumi emakore.
Kwenguva yakadini Ongororo Inoshanda
Kutsvakurudza kwenguva refu kunoshandiswa kuwana hukama pakati pemhando dzakasiyana nedzimwe shanduko dzakasiyana-siyana.
Iyi nzira yekutsvakurudza inosanganisa inosanganisira kudzidza boka rimwechete revanhu pane nguva yakareba.
Dhiyabhorosi inotanga kuunganidzwa pakutanga kwekudzidza, uye inogona kuendeswa kakawanda munguva yakareba yekudzidza.
Semuenzaniso, fungidzira kuti boka revatsvakurudzi rinofarira kudzidza kudzidzira kwemaitiro mukati mezera remakore ekukwirira kunogona kukanganisa utano hwehupenyu kana vanhu vachikura. Vatsvakurudzi vanofungidzira kuti vanhu avo vanowirirana zvakakwana mumakore avo makumi mana nemakumi mashanu vachange vasina mikana yekuwana kugadzikana kwepfungwa mumakore avo makumi manomwe nemakumi manomwe.
Vatsvakurudzi vanowana boka revatori vechikamu vari pakati pemakore makumi mana kusvika kumakore makumi mashanu. Vanounganidza dhepfenyuro dzine chokuita nekugadzikana mumuviri vavatori vechikamu, kuti vanowanzoshanda sei uye kuti vanoita zvakadini pakugadzirisa maitiro ekushanda. Nguva nenguva pamusoro pechidzidzo chekudzidza, vatsvakurudzi vanounganidza zuva rimwechete kubva kune vatori vechikamu kuti vaone maitiro emabasa nemafungiro epfungwa.
Zvinhu zvishomanana zvinokosha zvekuyeuka nezvekudzidza kwenguva refu:
- Ivo vanocherechedza muzvisikwa
- Icho chimiro chekorrelational tsvakurudzo
- Kutsvakurudza kwenguva refu kunowanzosiyana nekutsvakurudza kwepakati pezvikamu
- Kutsvakurudza kwenguva refu kunosanganisira kuunganidza dhesi kwenguva yakareba, kazhinji makore kana makumi emakore
- Kutsvakurudza kwepamuchinjikwa kunosanganisira kuunganidza dhesi panguva imwe chete munguva
Kubatsirwa Kwenguva Yakawanda Yokutsvakurudza
Saka nei musayendisiti angasarudza kufamba nekutsvakurudza kwenguva refu? Kune marudzi akawanda ekutsvakurudza, dzidzo dzenguva refu dzinopa ruzivo rwakasiyana-siyana runogona kunge rwusingakwanisi kuburikidza nedzimwe mhando dzekutsvakurudza.
Kubatsirwa kworudzi urwu rwekutsvakurudza ndechekuti inobvumira vatsvakurudzi kutarisa kuchinja kwemazuva. Nemhaka yeizvi, nzira dzenguva refu dzinobatsira zvikuru pakudzidza kukura uye nyaya dzeupenyu.
Muenzaniso wekuti kutsvakurudza uku kunogona kushandiswa kunoshandiswa sei zvidzidzo zvemazuva akawanda zvinotarisa kuti mapatya akafanana akarerwa pamwe chete neaya akaparadzaniswa akasiyana pane zvakasiyana-siyana. Vatsvakurudzi vanocherechedza ava vatori vechidiki kubvira paudiki vachiva vakuru kuti vatarise kuti kukura mune imwe nzvimbo yakakonzera sei zvinhu zvakadai semunhu uye kubudirira.
Sezvo vatori vechikamu vachigovana maitiro ayachete , zvinofungidzirwa kuti misiyano chero yese inokonzerwa nezvakatipoteredza . Vatsvakurudzi vanogona kutarisa izvo vatori vechikamu vari pamwe chete nekusiyana kwavanoona kuti ndezvipi zviratidzo zvinowanikwa zvakanyanya neve genetics kana ruzivo.
Nemhaka yokuti zvidzidzo zvemazuva akawanda zvinotora nguva yakareba (kana kunyange makumi emakore), zvinogona kubatsira zvikuru kana tichitsvaga kuchinja mukugadzirwa kwenguva.
Vanotsvakurudza vanogona kushandisa rudzi rwekutsvakurudza uku kuti vatange mararamiro ezviitiko pavanotarisa kukwegura.
The Drawbacks of Longitudinal Research
Pane zvimwe zvakakosha zvinobatsira pakutsvaga kutsvakurudza kwenguva refu, asi panewo zvimwe zvipingamupinyi zvinoda kuongororwa.
Dzidzo Yenguva Yakakura Inogona Kudhura
Zvisinei, kudzidza kwenguva refu kunoda nguva yakakura uye inowanzokodhura. Nokuda kweizvi, zvidzidzo izvi zvinowanzova neboka duku rezvidzidzo, izvo zvinoita kuti zvive nyore kushandisa mhinduro kune vanhu vakawanda. Imwe dambudziko nderokuti vatori vechikamu dzimwe nguva vanodonhedza kubva pane zvidzidzo, vachikanda kukura kwekuenzanisa uye kuderedza kuwanda kwedata rakaunganidzwa.
Vatori vechikamu Tendai Kurega Kudarika Nguva
Iyi tsika yevamwe vatori vechikamu kuti vanyanya kuregererwa kwekudzidza inozivikanwa sechisarudzo chekuita . Mumuenzaniso wedu pamusoro apa, vatori vechikamu vanogona kumira kunze kwezvikonzero zvinoverengeka. Vamwe vanogona kubva munzvimbo yacho asi vamwe vanongorasikirwa nechinangwa chekutora chikamu. Vamwe vanogona kuve pamba pamusana pokurwara kana matambudziko ane chokuita nemakore, uye vamwe vatori vechikamu vachapfuura vasati vapedza kudzidza.
Mune mamwe mamiriro ezvinhu, izvi zvinogona kutungamirira kune unyanzvi hwekuita uye hunova nemigumisiro yekudzidza kwenguva refu. Kana boka rekupedzisira richigere kuratidza chimiro chemupiriririri wepakutanga, izvi zvinogonawo kutyisidzira kubvuma kwekuedza. Kuvimbiswa kunoreva kana kana kwete kana kuedza kana kuedza nenzira yakarurama inopera izvo inonzi inofanirwa. Kana boka rekupedzisira revatori vechikamu risati riri mumiririri samuenzaniso, zvakaoma kugovera zviwanikwa kune vamwe vanhu vose.
Mitauro yeLongitudinal Research
Iko kune mitatu mikuru mikuru yekudzidza kwenguva refu:
- Paneri Chidzidzo: Inosanganisira shanduro chikamu chemuchinjikwa wevanhu.
- Cohort Kudzidza: Kunosanganisira kusarudza boka kubva pane chimwe chiitiko chakadai sokuberekwa, nzvimbo kana chiitiko chezvakaitika kare.
- Kudzokorora Kudzidza: Kunosanganisira kutarisa kune zvakaitika kare nekutsvaga zveruzivo rwezvakaitika sezvenhoroondo dzechiremba.
Pasi Pakare-Running Running Study Study
Nyika yakareba kudarika nguva yakareba yokudzidza ndiyo Genetic Studies of Genius, iyo inonzi nhasi Terman Study of the Gifted. Chidzidzo chacho chakatanga muna 1921 nechigadzirwa chepfungwa Lewis Terman kuti aongorore kuti vana vakachenjera zvikuru vakagadzirwa sei kuva vanhu vakuru.
Chidzidzo ichi chichiri kuitika nhasi, kunyange zvazvo shanduro yepakutanga yakanzwisisika ichikura zvishoma. Chidzidzo chekutanga chakange chiine vatori vechikamu vanopfuura 1 000, asi nhamba iyoyo yakaderera kusvika 200 chete muna 2003. Vamwe vevatori vechikamu vaisanganisira scientist Ancel Keys uye nyanzvi yezvepfungwa Lee Chronback. Vatsvakurudzi vakaronga kupfuurira mberi chidzidzo kusvikira muiti wekupedzisira anenge achidonhera kana kufa.
> Sources
Christmann, EP, & Badgett, JL (2008). Interpreting Assessment Data. NTSA Press; 2008.
Gratton, C., & Jones, I. I. (2004). Nzira dzekutsvakurudza dzematambo emitambo London: Routledge; 2004.
Leslie, M. (2000). Nhaka yakavhiringidza ya Lewis Lewis. Stanford Magazine.