Kuona Kwemazuva Ano Zvidzidzo zveTotan zveVizvipi
Kunyange zvazvo zvingave zvakasikwa kufunga kuti vanhu vane IQ dzakakwirira vane knack yekubudirira, iyo mufananidzo unowanzotengeswa kwatiri kuburikidza nefirimu, TV, uye fantasy. Kubva kuna Jay Gatsby mu "The Great Gatsby" kuLex Luthor mumasidhari e Superman, tauya kuzobatana kuva mukuru-vane pfuma nekuve akachenjera zvikuru.
Kunyange Mutungamiri Donald Trump akati aine IQ iyo "imwe yepamusoro-soro" mune zvakataurwa zvikuru muna 2013 tweet, zvichiratidza kuti pfuma yake yakanga yakabatanidzwa nehuchenjeri hwake.
Asi kune munhu mumwe nomumwe watinotaura se "nyanzvi," kubva kuJeff Zuckerberg kuenda kune Steve Jobs, kune vakawanda vakadai seNobel Prize vaine ruzivo John Nash (we "Mukurumbira Wakaisvonaka") uye mukurumbira wemasvomhu Kurt Gödel uyo akatambura zvikuru nehutano hwepfungwa uye manzwiro evanhu.
Kana uchinge wanyora nhamba dzakaoma, pane humwe uchapupu huripo hwokuti IQ inokwanisa kutaurira chero chinhu pamusoro pehupenyu hwomunhu hwekubudirira, pasinei nemari, kudzidza, kana kugadzira?
Kunzwisisa IQ Miedzo
Iko yekutanga IQ miedzo yakagadzirirwa kutarisa vana vekuchikoro vanoda rubatsiro rwekuwedzera ruzivo. Nokufamba kwenguva, chinangwa ichocho chakanga chaputika, uye miedzo yakakurumidza kuchinjwa kuva nzira yekucherechedza vanhu avo vaiva nehunyanzvi hwepamusoro kupfuura huwandu.
Pamuedzo wakaenzana, wakadai seStanford-Binet muedzo, wega yeIQ yepamusoro ndeye 100. Chinhu chipi nechipi chinopfuura 140 chinoonekwa sepamusoro kana genius-level IQ. Inofungidzirwa kuti pakati pe2,55 muzana uye 1.0 muzana yehuwandu inowira mune iri boka rakakura.
Terman's Study of the Gifted
Nekuuya kweIQ kuongorora, mutsvakurudzi akatanga kuongorora kana kuongorora kwakakwirira kwakakanganisa chero chinhu kunze kwekudzidza kwevanhu kuchikoro.
Kusvikira kumugumo, mumavambo ekuma1920, nyanzvi yezvepfungwa Lewis Terman yakatanga kuongorora hutano hwemagariro uye hwemagariro evanhu vana vane maonero-level IQ.
Achigadzirira kudzidza kwake muCalifornia, Terman akasarudza vana 1 500 pakati pezera remakore masere ne12 avo vose pamwe vaive nemavhareji IQ yemakumi mashanu. Pakati idzi, 80 vaiva nezvikoro zvinopfuura 170.
Mumakore mashomanana anotevera, Terman akaenderera mberi nekucherechedza vana uye akawana kuti vazhinji vakange vari munzanga uye mumuviri vakashandurwa zvakanaka. Havana kungoita chete zvedzidzo zvepamusoro, vaifarira kuva noutano hwakanaka, hwakasimba, kureba, uye zvishoma nengozi-yakagadzirirwa kupfuura inenge yakafanana yevana vane maIQ anowanikwa.
Mushure mekufa kwaJohn muna 1956, mamwe magwekori ezvepfungwa akasarudza kuenderera mberi nekutsvakurudza, akatumidza Terman Study yeThe Gifted. Chidzidzo ichi chinoramba chichiripo kusvikira nhasi uye ndicho chakareba-chinosvika kwenguva refu chidzidzo munhoroondo.
Correlation of Intelligence nekubudirira
Pakati pevamwe vatori vechikamu chekutanga chekudzidza kwaToman vakanga vakurumbira musayendisiti wezvepfungwa Lee Chronbach, "Ndinoda Lucy" munyori Jess Oppenheimer, nyanzvi yemapfungwa Robert Sears, masayendisiti Ancel Keys, uye vamwe vanopfuura makumi mashanu vave vakave nhengo dzemakambani kumakoroji nemayunivhesiti. Paakatarisa boka racho rose, Terman akati:
- Ivhareji yemari yekutongwa kwaToman muna 1955 yaiva $ 33,000 inonakidza yakaenzaniswa neyero yehurumende ye $ 5,000.
- Vaviri kubva kune zvitatu vakanga vawana makorogiriji ekoroji, asi nhamba huru yakanga yaenda kunopedza kudzidza uye zvidzidzo zvechiremba. Vakawanda vavo ava vava madhigirii, magweta, vatengesi vebhizimisi, uye masayendisiti.
Sezvinonakidza sezvo izvi zvaitika zvichionekwa, nyaya dzakabudirira dzakaratidzika kuva dzakawanda kunze kwekutonga. Pakuzviongorora kwake, Terman akati huwandu hwezvidzidzo zvaiita basa "sezvininipisa semapurisa, mutevedzeri, mutori uye munyori wekunyora" uye pakupedzisira akagumisa kuti "njere nekubudirira zvakanga zvisiri kure zvakakwana."
Unhu Maitiro uye kubudirira
Mutsvakurudzi Melita Oden, uyo akapfuurira mberi kwekutsvakurudza kwaTeman mushure mekufa kwake, akasarudza kuenzanisa nhatu dzevanhu vanobudirira zvikuru (Boka A) kusvika kune zana isingabudiriri (Group C). Kunyange zvazvo ivo vaive vaine hutano hwakadaro, avo vari muboka reC C vakagamuchira zvishoma pamusoro pemari yakawanda yenguva uye vaiva nehuwandu hunodhaka hwekudhakwa uye kurambana kune vanhu vari muboka reAngeri A.
Maererano neOden, kusaparadzaniswa kwakatsanangurwa, muchikamu chikuru, nehupfungwa hwemafungiro emapoka. Avo vari muboka reA vaida kuratidza "kungwara uye kufungidzira, simba , kutsungirira, uye chido chekupfuurira mberi." Uyezve, sevakuru, vakaratidza hutatu hunokosha husingaonekwi mune zvakawanda zveboka reChikoro: chinangwa-chinangwa, kuzvivimba, uye kutsungirira.
Izvi zvinoratidza kuti, nepo IQ inogona kuita basa muhupenyu hunobudirira, unhu hunhu hunoramba huchigadzirisa hunobudirira hunobudirira.
Kururamisa kweChidzidzo cheComan
Kunyange zvazvo zvitsva zvekudzidza kweToman zvakamanikidzwa, zvinowanzotsoropodzwa nekuda kwekusiya zvinhu zvinogona kunge zvakakonzera kubudirira kwevanhu kana kukundikana. Izvi zvaisanganisira kukonzerwa nekudengenyeka kukuru kwepasi uye Hondo Yenyika II pamusoro pekudzidza kwevanhu uye zvematongerwo ezvematongerwo enyika izvo zvisingakwanise kutarisira zvidzidzo zvevakadzi.
Vamwe vatsvakurudzi kubva ipapo vakaratidza kuti rimwe boka rakasarudzwa risina vana raive nemamiriro akasiyana-siyana raizove rakabudirira sezvakaitwa naComman's original.
Izvi Zvinotitaurira
Chimwe chinhu icho IQ chinyorwa chinogona kutaurira zvakajeka ndechekubudirira kwomunhu kuchikoro. Zvaasingarevi ndezvekuti munhu achabudirira kubasa kana muhupenyu semagumisiro emahamba iwayo. Mune zvimwe zviitiko, zvinogona kunge zvakasiyana.
Mune dzimwe nguva, dzimwe dzidzo dzakaratidza kuti vana vane unyanzvi hwakanaka hwezvidzidzo vanogona kunge vakanyanya kugadzikana kuora mwoyo uye kuparadzaniswa nevamwe pane vezera risina ruzivo. Imwe yakawana kuti vanhu vane IQ dzakakwirira vainyanya kusvuta mbanje uye kushandisa zvinodhaka zvisina kukodzera. Imwe tsanangudzo yeizvi, maererano nevatsvakurudzi, yaiva unhu hunhu hunozivikanwa sekusununguka kuti uwane.
Kuzarura chiito chinonyanya kubvisa zvipingamupinyi zvisingagoni kuziva izvo zvinogona kudzivirira munhu kubva pane zvaakafunga kuti hazvina kugamuchirwa nevanhu. Uyezve, yakanyatsobatanidzwa nekugadzirwa, njere, uye ruzivo. Kusiyana neizvi, kuvharwa kuti uwane ruzivo kunowanzobatanidzwa nemagariro, tsika dzetsika, uye zvishoma zvakanyanya zvezvido.
Kunyange zvazvo vanotsvakurudza vachiri kuramba vachikakavadzana nekutsvakurudza kwakaitwa Terman, vazhinji vanobvumirana pamusoro pekuwana kutsva: kuti apo huchenjeri hunogona kuratidza humbo hwekubudirira, kuzadzisa izvo zvinodiwa zvinoda unyanzvi uye unhu hunoti IQ test ingaenzanisa.
> Sources:
> Connelly, B .; Ones, D ..; uye Chernyshenko, O. "Kuzivisa yeChirungu Chinokosha paUkuzarura Zvakaitika: Kuongorora kweZvinyoro zveTatonomi, Zvimwe, uye Nomological Net." J Personal Test . 2014; 96 (1): 1-16. DOI: 10.1080 / 00223891.2013.830620.
> Terman, L. (1925). Mafungiro uye Mamiriro Emuviri eVane Chiuru Zvizvarwa Zvipi. Genetic Studies of Genius Volume 1. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press.
> Terman. L. uye Oden, M. (1959.) Kuongorora maitiro ekugadzira. Vol. V. Zvipo pakati pehupenyu: makore makumi matatu nemashanu kuteverwa kwemwana mukuru. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press.
> Weismann-Arcache, C. uye Tordjman, S. "Kuwirirana Pakati Pokunetseka uye Kunyanya Kunyanzvi." Kushungurudzika Rega Res. 2012; chinyorwa 567376. DOI: 10.1155 / 2012/567376.