Chii chinoita kuti mwana aite sei? Kunyange zvazvo zvisingakwanisi kuverengera chimwe nechimwe chinokonzera icho chinobatsira kune mwana anozopedzisira ava, izvo vatsvakurudzi vanogona kuita kutarisa zvimwe zvezvinhu zvinoratidzika. Izvi zvinosanganisira zvinhu zvakadai sekuberekwa, kuberekera vana, zviitiko , shamwari, mhuri, dzidzo uye hukama. Nokunyatsonzwisisa basa iro zvinhu izvi zvinotamba, vatsvakurudzi vanokwanisa kunyatsoziva kuti zvakadaro zvinokonzera sei kubudirira.
Funga pamusoro pezvinhu izvi sezvivako. Kunyange zvazvo vanhu vazhinji vanofarira kuva nezvivako zvakafanana zvekuvaka, izvozvi zvinogona kuiswa pamwe chete nenzira dzisingagumi dzedzimwe nzira. Funga nezvehupenyu hwako hwose. Ndezvipi zvekuti iwe nhasi uripi wakagadzirwa nemararamiro ako, uye zvakadini muhupenyu hwako hwezviitiko?
Mubvunzo uyu wakavhiringidza mafirosofi, masayendisiti ezvepfungwa uye vadzidzisi kwemazana emakore uye anowanzotumidzwa sechimiro chekuita nharo hurukuro. Isu tiri mugumisiro wezvisikwa (mararamiro edu) kana kurera (nzvimbo yedu)? Nhasi, vazhinji vanotsvakurudza vanobvumirana kuti kukura kwevana kunosanganisira kushamwaridzana kwakakomba kwezvinhu zvose uye kusimba. Kunyange zvazvo zvimwe zviitiko zvekukura zvingave zvakanyatsokonzerwa nehupenyu hwehupenyu, kushandiswa kwezvakatipoteredza kunogona kuitawo basa. Somuenzaniso, nguva yekutanga kwekuyaruka inowanikwa inowanzova migumisiro yehupenyu, asi zvinhu zvakasikwa zvakadai sekudya zvinovaka muviri zvinogona kuva nemigumisiro.
Kubva pamavambo ekutanga ehupenyu, kushamwaridzana kwehupenyu uye hwemhuka kunoshanda kushandura vana vana uye kuti ivo vachave ani. Kunyange zvazvo mazita ekudzidzira mwana anowana nhaka kubva kuvabereki vake angaratidza mepu yemugwagwa yekusimudzirwa, nzvimbo inogona kugadzirisa kuti mazano aya anotsanangurwa sei, zvakagadzirwa kana chiitiko chinogadziriswa.
Kukurukurirana kwakaoma kwezvakasikwa uye kukura hakungoiti pane dzimwe nguva kana pane dzimwe nguva dzenguva; inoramba iripo uye upenyu hwose.
Muchikamu chino, tichaongorora zvakanyanya kuti maitiro ehupenyu anobatsira sei kukura vana . Tichadzidza zvakawanda pamusoro pekuti zviitiko zvedu zvinosangana sei ne genetics uye kudzidza nezvimwe zvezvirwere zvepabonde zvinogona kuva nechinetso pamagariro evana nekuvandudza.
Nguva yekare-kare yekufambisa
Pakutanga kwayo, kuberekwa kwomwana kunotanga apo mukono wekubereka kubereka, kana kuti umhondi, inopinda muchengeti wekunze wekuberekwa kwechikadzi, kana ovum. Mbeu uye ovum imwe neimwe ine chromosomes iyo inoshanda sehupenyu hwehupenyu hwehupenyu. Majini anowanikwa mumakristomomes aya akaumbwa nemakemikari anozivikanwa seDNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) ine genetic code, kana mirayiridzo, inoumba hupenyu hwose. Kunze kwehuta uye ova, masero ose mumuviri ane 46 chromosomes. Sezvaunogona kufungidzira, chirume uye ova chimwe nechimwe chine ma chromosomes 23 chete. Izvi zvinovimbisa kuti kana masero maviri akasangana, mhuka itsva inoguma ine ma chromosomes akakodzera.
Izvo Zvakatipoteredza Zvinokonzerwa neGene Kujekesa?
Saka zvakanyatsojeka sei mazita ekudzivirira mazita kubva kune vabereki vose anokonzera kuti mwana anokura sei uye mararamiro avanove nawo?
Kuti unzwisise zvakakwana izvi, zvakakosha kutanga kutanga kusiyanisa pakati pemwana wei genetic nhaka uye chaiyo kuratidzwa kwemajeni. A genotype inoreva zvose zvemajeni izvo munhu akagara nhaka. A phenotype ndeyekuti majeni aya anonyatsotsanangurwa sei. Iyo phenotype inogona kusanganisira unhu hwemuviri, hwakadai sehupamhi nemuvara kana maziso, pamwe chete neunhu husina hukama hunofanana nekunyara uye kupembera.
Kunyange zvazvo genotype yako inogona kureva hurongwa hwekuti vana vanokura sei, nzira iyo matanho aya akaiswa pamwe chete anoona kuti mazamu aya acharatidzwa sei. Funga nezvazvo sechinhu chakafanana nekuvaka imba.
Izvo zvimwe zvirongwa zvinogona kuguma mumisha yakasiyana-siyana inotarisa zvakafanana, asi ine kusiyana kwakakosha kubva pane zvakasarudzwa uye mararamiro anoshandiswa panguva yekuvaka.
Ndezvipi Zvinokanganisa Maitiro Anonzi Genesisi?
Chero kana kwete gene rinoratidzika rinobva pane zvinhu zviviri zvakasiyana: kubatana kwejeni nemamwe mazai ejeni nekubatana nguva dzose pakati pejenotype uye zvakatipoteredza.
- Kuwirirana kweGenetic: Chirwere dzimwe nguva chine mashoko anokakavhiringidza, uye kakawanda, rimwe geni richakunda hondo yekutonga. Mimwe majene anobata nenzira inowedzera. Somuenzaniso, kana mwana ane murefu mubereki mumwechete uye mubereki mudiki, mwana angagumisa kuparadzanisa mutsauko kuburikidza nekuve wehuwandu hwehurefu. Mune zvimwe zviitiko, mamwe mazamu anoenderana nepamusoro-kutsika. Ruvara rweziso nderumwe muenzaniso wekukurira-kuwedzerwa kwemajini maitiro. Ijeni remavara akavaraidza rinonyanya uye iro jeni remavara ebhuruu rinodzokorora. Kana mubereki mumwe achiisa pasi ane simba reziso rejena kana mumwe mubereki achideredza pasi maziso emucheka webhuruu, iyo inowanikwa geni ichakunda uye mwana achava nemaziso mavara.
- Gene - Kuwirirana Kwemagariro: Mamiriro ezvinhu mwana anowanikwa kune utero uye muhupenyu hwake hwose zvinogonawo kukanganisa maitiro ezvirwere. Semuenzaniso, kutsvaga kune zvinodhaka zvinodhaka munguva yeUtero zvinogona kuva nechinoshamisa pakukura kwevana. Kurema muenzaniso wakanaka wehupenyu hunogona kuchinjwa nemamiriro ezvinhu ezvakatipoteredza. Kunyange zvazvo ruzivo rwemwana ruzivo runogona kupa mirayiridzo yehurefu, kutaura kwekukwirira uku kunogona kubviswa kana mwana ane chirwere chisina kunaka kana chirwere chisingagumi.
Genetic Abnormalities
Genetic mirayiridzo haisi yekukanganisa uye inogona kuenda pane imwe nguva dzimwe nguva. Dzimwe nguva kana chirume kana ovum yakaumbwa, nhamba yekromosomes inogona kugovana zvisina kufanira, zvichiita kuti mhuka ive nezvikamu zvishoma kana zvisingasviki 23 chromosomes. Apo rimwe remasero aya asina kukwana anowirirana nesero rinowanzoitika, zygote dzinoguma dzichava nemae chromosomes asingaverengeki. Vatsvakurudzi vanoratidza kuti sehafu yezygotes yose inoumba ine ma-chromosomes akawanda kana masere, asi akawanda acho anotsvaga zvisizvo uye haamboiti kuva mwana wenguva yakazara.
Mune zvimwe zviitiko, vacheche vanozvarwa vane nhamba dzisina kukwana dzekromosomes. Muzviitiko zvose, chigumisiro chimwe chechirwere chechirwere ine seti yekusiyanisa maitiro.
Kusakanganisika kweChromosomes yepabonde
Uwandu hwevana vanozvarwa patsva, vose vakomana nevanasikana, vane imwe yeX chromosome. Mune mamwe mamiriro ezvinhu, anenge 1 mumarudzi ose ekuberekwa 500, vana vanoberekwa vane chine-x chromosome inoshayikwa kana imwe chromosome yepabonde. Klinefelter syndrome, Fragile X syndrome uye Turner syndrome zvose mienzaniso yezvisina kukodzera zvinosanganisira chromosomes zvepabonde.
Kleinfelter's syndrome inokonzerwa nechimwe chinyorwa che X chromosome uye inoratidzirwa nekushayikwa kwekuvandudzwa kwehutano hwepabonde uye pamwe nekuremara kwekudzidza.
Kusuruvara X chirwere chinokonzerwa kana chikamu cheC X chromosome chakabatanidzwa kune mamwe ma chromosomes nemutsara wakaonda wemakomlekoro zvokuti unoratidzika pangozi yekuputsa. Inogona kukanganisa vose varume nemadzimai, asi zvinogona kuchinja. Vamwe vane Fragile X vanoratidza vashomanana kana pane zviratidzo, asi imwe inokura zvishoma kusvika pakuora mwoyo mupfungwa.
Turner syndrome inowanikwa apo imwe chete yechromosome yepabonde (iyo X chromosome) iripo. Iyo inobata chete vakadzi uye inogona kuguma nekuita kwenguva pfupi, mutsara "wakashongedzwa" uye kusawirirana kwepabonde zvepabonde. Kukanganisa kwepfungwa kunobatanidza neT Turner syndrome kunosanganisira kudzidzira kushaya ruzivo uye kuoma kuziva manzwiro anotaridzwa kuburikidza nechiso chemaziso .
Down Syndrome
Chinyorwa chinonyanyozivikanwa che chromosomal disorder chinonzi trisomy 21, kana Down syndrome. Muchiitiko ichi, mwana ane chromosomes matatu panzvimbo yekromosomes 21 pane nzvimbo mbiri. Down syndrome inoratidzirwa nehupamhi hunhu hunosanganisira chiso chakakomberedzwa, maziso akazununguka uye rurimi rukuru. Vanhu vane Down syndrome vanogonawo kutarisana nemamwe matambudziko emumuviri kusanganisira kukanganisa kwemwoyo uye zvinetso zvekunzwa. Vanenge vanhu vose vane Down syndrome vanoona rumwe rudzi rwekushaya njere kwepfungwa, asi kunyatsopisa kunogona kusiyanisa zvikuru.
Mifungo Yokupedzisira
Zviri pachena, zvizvarwa zvinokonzera kukura kwekuti mwana anokura sei. Zvisinei, zvakakosha kuyeuka kuti genetics inongova chikamu chimwe chete chepfungwa yakaoma inoumba hupenyu hwemwana. Kusiyana kwezvakatipoteredza, kusanganisira kuberekera vana , tsika, dzidzo uye hukama hwemagariro zvinoitawo basa rinokosha.
References
Berger, KS (2000). Munhu ari kusimukira: Kubva paucheche nekuyaruka. New York: Worth Worth Publishers.
Klinefelter, HF (1986). "Klinefelter syndrome: nhoroondo yekare uye kubudirira". South South Med J 79 (45): 1089-1093.
Miko, I. (2008) Chirwere chinotyisa: genotype-phenotype hukama. Nzvimbo Dzidzo 1 (1)
National Library of Medicine (2007). Genetics Home Reference: Triple X syndrome.
Turner's Syndrome. Encyclopedia Britannica.