Dzidziso inotsanangura zvinopesana zvinokurudzira kubereka kana kufa
Shanduro yeSagmund Freud yekufambisa inotenderera yakaitika mukati mehupenyu hwake nebasa. Akatanga kurondedzera kirasi yemotokari inozivikanwa sehupenyu hwehupenyu uye yaifunga kuti idzi idzi dzaive nemhosva yehutsika hwedu hwakawanda.
Pakupedzisira, akasvika pakudavira kuti hupenyu hwemhuka huri huga hwakanga husingagoni kutsanangura maitiro ose evanhu. Nebhuku reBhuku rake rinonzi Beyond the Pleasure Principal muna 1920, Freud c yakabvuma kuti zvose zvisikwa zvinowira mune rimwe remapoka makuru maviri: hupenyu hwemhuka kana hupenyu hwekufa .
Upenyu Hwakanaka (Eros)
Dzimwe nguva dzinonzi hupombwe, hupenyu hwehupenyu ndehuya hunobata nekuchengetedza kwekutanga, kufara, uye kubereka. Aya maitiro anokosha ekusimbisa hupenyu hwomunhu pamwe chete nekuenderera kwemhando. Apo isu tine mafungiro ehupenyu hwemazuva ekuguma kwekuita zvepabonde, idzi dzinotungira dzinosanganisirawo zvinhu zvakadai senenyota, nzara, uye kurwadziwa kunorwa. Simba rakasikwa nehupenyu hunozivikanwa se libido .
Mukutanga kwepfungwa yake yepfungwa, Freud akarondedzera kuti Eros aipikiswa nemauto ego (yakarongeka, chikamu chechokwadi chepfungwa yemunhu inopindirana pakati pezvido). Mune maonero akazotevera, akachengetedza kuti hupenyu hwemhuka hwakanga hwakapesana nehupenyu hunoparadza hunhu, hunonzi Thanatos.
Maitiro anowanzobatanidzwa nehupenyu huripo hunosanganisira rudo , kubatana, uye mamwe maitiro ehutano .
Death Instincts (Thanatos)
Pfungwa yehupenyu hwekufa hwakatanga kurondedzerwa muBeyond the Pleasure Principle, umo Freud akarondedzera kuti "chinangwa chehupenyu hwose rufu."
Mukutsigira pfungwa yake, Freud akataura kuti vanhu vanoona chiitiko chinotambudza kazhinji vanofananidza zvakare zvakaitika. Kubva pane izvi, akagumisa kuti vanhu vane chido chisingazivi chekufa asi kuti hupenyu huripo hunonyanya kutsamwa chido ichi. Freud akatsigira nheyo yake pane zvimwe zviitiko zvinokosha:
- Mukushanda nemauto mushure meHondo Yenyika I, Freud akacherechedza kuti vatongi vake vaiwanzogadzirisa zvakare maitiro avo ehondo ndokutaura kuti "kurota kunowanikwa mukushungurudzika kune chimiro chekudzosazve murwere kumamiriro ezvinhu engoona yake."
- Freud akacherechedza maitiro akafanana mumzukuru wake wemwedzi 18, Ernest, uyo akatamba mutambo unonzi Fort / Da pese apo amai vake vakanga vasipo. Kuti atarise nekuzvidya mwoyo kwake, mwana wechidiki aigona kukanda chidimbu akasungirirwa neketani mubhedha rake uye achiti "fort" (kureva kure) pose apo spool yakanyangarika ndokuti "da" (kana pano) pose paanenge achidzorera. Freud akashamisika kuti "kudzokorora kwechiitiko ichi chinotambudza semutambo kunopindirana sei nemafaro ekufarira ?"
- Pakupedzisira, mune varwere vake, Freud akataura kuti vazhinji vakange vatsinhanisa zviitiko zvinoshungurudza vaiva netsika yeku "kudzokorora zvinhu zvakaderedzwa sechiitiko chemazuva ano" panzvimbo pokuyeuka sechimwe chinhu chekare.
Mukuona kwaFeudud, kumanikidzwa kudzokorora kwaiva "chimwe chinhu chingaita sechinhu chakareruka, chinotangira zvimwe, chimiro chechimiro pane chirevo chekufarira icho chinopfuura." Akaenderera mberi akaronga kuti kufa kwepanyama kwakange kuri kuwedzerwa kwekumanikidzwa uko umo zvisikwa zvose zvipenyu zvinokanganisa "kushungurudza kurufu" izvo zvinomira zvakasiyana zvakasiyana nemasikirwo okurarama, kubereka, uye kugutsa zvido.
Uyezve, apo simba iri rinotungamirirwa kunze kune vamwe, Freud akachengetedza, rinoratidzwa sechisimba uye chisimba.
> Kwakabva:
> Mitchell, S. uye Black. M (2016) Freud uye Beyond: A History of Modern Psychoanalytic Kunyange t (Kuvandudzwa). New York, New York: Basic Books / Hachette Books; ISBN-13: 978-0465098811.