A Tarisa Mafungiro Anogumira Mupfungwa
Uhu hwakasiyana-siyana hwepfungwa hunoonekwa kuburikidza nekutarisa sevamwe vevanofunga kwazvo vanozivikanwa. Nepo imwe neimwe nyanzvi dzedzidziso dzingangodaro dzave chikamu chechikoro chepamusoro chepfungwa , mumwe nomumwe akaunza izwi rakasiyana nedzimwe uye manzwiro kumunda wepfungwa.
Chidzidzo chakaonekwa munyaya yaJuly 2002 yeKubvunzurudzwa kweGeneral Psychology yakagadzira chikamu chemapfumbamwe makumi mapfumbamwe nemapfumbamwe ane masimba epfungwa . Nheyo idzi dzaive dzakavakirwa pazvikonzero zvitatu: kuwandisa kwemashoko okutsanangurwa, mabhuku ekutanga anotsanangurwa, uye mhinduro dzeongororo dze1 725 nhengo dzeAmerican Psychological Association .
Nhamba inotevera inopa mhedziso yepfungwa dzepfungwa dzinofanirwa munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana muongororo. Vanhu ava havasi ivo chete vevanyori vanozivikanwa zvikuru mukupfungwa kwepfungwa, ivo vakaitawo basa rinokosha munhoroondo yepfungwa uye vakaita zvipo zvinokosha pakunzwisisa maitiro evanhu.
Urongwa uhwu hausi kuedza kuziva kuti ndiani akanga ane simba kana kuti chikoro chepfungwa chakanakisisa. Pane kudaro, urongwa urwu runopa maonero emamwe maonero ezvakaitika izvo hazvina kukanganisa kwete zvepfungwa chete, asiwo hukuru hwetsika.
1 - BF Skinner
BF Skinner's behavioristicism yakamuita simba guru mune zvepfungwa nekurapa maitiro anobva pane zvaanodzidza achiri kushandiswa zvakanyanya nhasi, kusanganisira kuchinja kwehutano uye hupfumi hwechiratidzo. Skinner inorangarirwa nekuda kwemaonero ake ekugadzirisa mafungiro uye zvirongwa zvekusimbisa .
2 - Jean Piaget
Nharo yaJean Piaget yekugutsikana kwepfungwa yakabatsira chaizvo pakufunga kwepfungwa, kunyanya kunzwisisa kwevana kukura kwepfungwa. Tsvakurudzo yake yakaita kuti kuwedzera kwekukura kwepfungwa, kuongorora kwepfungwa, maitiro epistemology, uye dzidzo yekuvandudza dzidzo.
Albert Einstein akamborondedzera zvakaitwa naPiaget pamusoro pekukura kwevana uye mafungiro ezvakawanikwa sekutsvaga "zvakajeka izvo kungangodaro munhu anogona kungofunga nezvazvo."
3 - Sigmund Freud
Apo vanhu vanofunga nezvepfungwa, vakawanda vanowanzofunga nezve Sigmund Freud . Basa rake rakatsigira chivimbo chokuti havasi zvirwere zvose zvepfungwa zvine zvikonzero zvepanyama uye zvakare akapa uchapupu hwekuti tsika dzakasiyana dzinobatsira pakufunga kwepfungwa uye mufambiro. Basa rake uye zvinyorwa zvakabatsira kunzwisisa kwedu hutano, kliniki yepfungwa , kukura kwevanhu, uye pfungwa dzisina kunaka .
4 - Albert Bandura
Basa raAlbert Bandura rinoonekwa sechikamu chekufungidzirwa kwepfungwa mune zvepfungwa yakatanga kuma1960. Dzidziso yake yekudzidza dzekugarisana yakasimbisa kukosha kwekucherechedza kudzidza , kutevedzera, nekufananidzira.
"Kudzidza kwaizova kwakanyanya kuoma, kusataura nezvengozi, kana vanhu vaifanira kuvimba chete nemigumisiro yezviito zvavo kuti vazive zvavanofanira kuita," Bandura akatsanangura mubhuku rake ra 1977 rinonzi "Social Learning Theory."
5 - Leon Festinger
Leon Festinger akatanga nheyo dzekunzwisisa cognitive dissociance uye social social comparison. Kuziva kwekubata pfungwa ndeyekushushikana kwaunonzwa kana iwe uine zvitendero zviviri zvinopesana. Iwe unogona kufuta kunyange iwe uchiziva kuti zvakaipa kune utano hwako. Nhoroondo yake yekufananidza kwevanhu inotaura kuti unoongorora mafungiro ako nekuzvienzanisa nezvimwewo vanhu vanotenda. Iwewo unowanzowedzera kutsvaga vamwe vanhu vanogovana zvaunotenda uye zvinokosha.
6 - William James
Nyanzvi yezvepfungwa uye nyanzvi William Bibi inowanzozivikanwa sababa veAmerican psychology. Tsanangudzo yake yepa 1200-mapeji, "Zvinangwa zvePsychology," yakave yakashambadza pamusoro penyaya uye dzidziso dzake uye zvinyorwa zvakabatsira kusimbisa pfungwa dzepfungwa semasayenzi. Mukuwedzera, James akabatsira kuita basa , pragmatism, uye akafurira vadzidzi vazhinji vepfungwa panguva yemakore makumi matatu nemakore ekudzidzisa.
7 - Ivan Pavlov
Ivan Pavlov akanga ari muzivi wenyika yeRussia uyo akatsvakurudza nezvekugadzirisa mafungiro uye zviitiko zvechigarire zvakakonzera kukura kwehutano hwepfungwa mune zvepfungwa. Nzira dzekuongorora kwaPavlov dzakabatsira kufambisa pfungwa dzepfungwa kubva pakutaurirana uye kuongororwa kunoenderana nechinangwa chemuitiro wekuita.
8 - Carl Rogers
Carl Rogers akaisa pfungwa pamusana pevanhu, izvo zvakange zvine simba guru pane zvose zvepfungwa uye dzidzo. Akava mumwe wevanhu vanofunga nezvevanhu vanoita zvekare uye vanoita sevanoratidzira mukurapa pamwe chete nevarwere-vavanorwara .
Sezvakatsanangurwa nemwanasikana wake Natalie Rogers, aive "muenzaniso wekunzwira tsitsi nekutonga kwehutongi muhupenyu hwake, uye mubasa rake semudzidzisi, munyori, uye mushonga."
9 Erik Erikson
Erik Erikson nheyo yepfungwa yekubudirira mupfungwa mupfungwa yakabatsira kugadzira kufarira nekutsvakurudza pamusoro pekuvandudzwa kwevanhu kuburikidza nehupenyu hwose. Imwe nyanzvi yepfungwa iyo yakadzidza naAna Freud, Erikson yakurudzira chidzidzo chepfungwa yepfungwa kuburikidza nekuongorora kubudirira muhupenyu hwose, kusanganisira zviitiko zvehucheche, hukuru, uye kukwegura.
10 - Lev Vygotsky
Lev Vygotsky akanga ari mumwe wevamwe vanoziva nezvepfungwa dzepamusoro, vaisanganisira Piaget, Freud, Skinner, naPavlov, asi basa rake harina kumbobvira riine humwe hukuru munguva yehupenyu hwake. Izvi zvinonyanya nokuti vazhinji vekunyora kwake vakaramba vasisvikiki kunyika yeNyika dzekuMadokero kusvika munguva pfupi yapfuura.
Yaiva mumakore ekuma1970 ayo akawanda ezvinyorwa zvake akashandurwa kubva kuRussia, asi basa rake rave rakakura zvikuru mumakumi emakore achangopfuura, kunyanya munharaunda yekudzidza kwepfungwa uye nekukura kwevana.
Kunyange zvazvo kufa kwake nguva isati yasvika pazera remakore makumi matatu nemasere kunomisa basa rake, akaenderera mberi kuva mumwe wevanowanzotaurwa nezvepfungwa dzepfungwa dzezana remakore rechi20.