Wati wamboziva mumwe munhu akaita sokuti ane chirwere chekudzivirirwa kwechirwere chinodiwa nevamwe here? Maererano neanorori Karen Horney, hutano huno hunokonzerwa nechishuvo chekushaya rudo uye kugamuchirwa.
Mubhuku rake "Self-Analysis" (1942), Horney akarondedzera pfungwa yake yeurourosis , achitsanangura maitiro akasiyana-siyana ehutano hwepfungwa nekuda kwekushandisa zvakanyanya nzira dzokugadzirisa nadzo kubata nekutya kukuru.
Mifambiro iyi inosanganisira zvinhu zvakadai sezvinodiwa neurotic simba, mukurumbira, uye rudo.
Saka ndezvipi zvimwe zvemarudzi akasiyana-siyana emhando dzezvinodiwa neurotic izvo vanhu vanoshandisa kuronga kushushikana? Ngatinyatsoongororai zvikamu zvitatu zvakakura zvezvidikanwi uye zvinodiwa zvakaratidzwa naHorney mukurondedzerwa uku kwechikonzero chake chezvinodiwa neurotic.
Nhoroondo yeHorney's Theory yeNeurotic Needs
Psychoanalytic theorist Karen Horney akatanga imwe yedzidziso dzinonyanya kuzivikanwa dzeurourosis . Akatenda kuti neurosis yakaguma nekunyanya kunetseka kunokonzerwa nehukama hwevanhu. Dzidziso yake inotsanangura kuti nzira dzinoshandiswa kurarama nekuzvidya mwoyo dzinogona kushandiswa zvakanyanya, zvichiita kuti dzitore pakuonekwa kwezvido.
Maererano naHorney, kunyanya kuzvidya mwoyo (uye naizvozvo neurosis) kunogona kuitika kubva kune zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvinosanganisira, "... kutonga kwakananga kana kusina kukanganisa, kusava nehanya, kusava nemafungiro, kusaremekedzwa kwezvido zvomwana mumwe nomumwe, kusava nekutungamirirwa kwechokwadi, kuparadza mafungiro , kukudzwa kwakanyanya kana kusavapo, kusava nehutano hwechokwadi, kuve nekutora nharo mukusawirirana kwevabereki, kunyanya kudarika kana kudukusa, kuchengetedza, kudzivirirwa kubva kune vamwe vana, kusaruramisira, kusarura, kusavimbiswa, kuvimbiswa, uye saka nezvimwewo zvakadaro "(Horney, 1945).
Izvi zvido gumi nezviviri zvinogona kuiswa muzvikamu zvitatu zvakakura :
Zvinoda kukuendesa kune vamwe.
Izvi zvinodiwa neurotic zvinokonzera vanhu kutsvaka kuvimbiswa uye kugamuchirwa kune vamwe uye vanowanzorondedzerwa sevanoshaiwa kana kuvhiringidza sezvavanotsvaka kubvumirwa uye rudo .- Zvinoda kukuendesa kure nevamwe.
Izvi zvinodiwa neurotic zvinouyisa ruvengo uye kusagadzirisa tsika. Vanhu ava vanowanzotsanangurwa sechando, vasina hanya, uye vasina hanya.
- Zvinoda kukurwisa kune vamwe.
Izvi zvinokonzerwa neurotic inokonzera kuvengana uye chido chokutonga vamwe vanhu. Vanhu ava vanowanzotsanangurwa sekutambudzika, kutonga, uye kusina tsitsi.
Vanhu vakashandurwa zvakanaka vanoshandisa nzira dzose idzi nhatu , kushandura kutarisa zvichienderana nekunze nekunze kwezvinhu.
Saka chii icho chinoita kuti maitiro aya anoshanda neurotic? Maererano naHorney, ndiyo kunyanya kushandiswa kweimwe kana akawanda emhando idzi. Neurotic vanhu vanowanzoshandisa nzira mbiri kana dzakawanda dzekugadzirisa nadzo, kuumba kukakavara, kupesana, uye kuvhiringidzika.
Mubhuku rake "Self-Analysis" (1942), Horney akarondedzera zvido gumi zvepurogiramu zvaakanga aziva:
1. Neurotic Chido Chokuda uye Kubvumirwa
Ichi chidimbu chinosanganisira zvido zvekuda kufadzwa, kufadza vamwe vanhu, uye kugadzirisa zvinotarisirwa nevamwe. Vanhu vane rudzi urwu rwekuda vanonyanya kufunga nezvekuramba uye kutsoropodzwa uye vanotya kutsamwa kana kuvenga kwevamwe.
2. Neurotic Inoda Kuti Muve Nevamwe Vaya Vanozotora Upenyu Humwe
Izvi zvinosanganisira kudiwa kwekunyanya kune umwe wako. Vanhu vane ruzivo urwu vanotambura nekutya kukuru kwekusiyiwa neavo. Kazhinji, vanhu ava vanonyanya kukoshesa rudo uye vanotenda kuti kuva neshamwari kuchagadzirisa matambudziko ose ehupenyu.
3. Neurotic Chido chekudzivirira hupenyu hwehupenyu huri mukati mezasi
Vanhu vane chido ichi vanosarudza kuramba vasingazivi uye vasingazivi. Ivo vanorambidza uye vanogutsikana nezvishoma. Vanodzivisa kuda kwezvinhu zvenyama, kazhinji vachiita zvido zvavo pachavo uye vanozvidzivirira matarenda avo uye mano avo.
4. Neurotic Chido cheMasimba
Vanhu vane chido ichi vanotsvaka simba nokuda kwega. Vanowanzorumbidza simba, vachizvidza utera, uye vachashandisa kana kutonga vamwe vanhu. Vanhu ava vanotya kukanganisa kwavo, kusabatsira, uye mamiriro asingadzorwi.
5. Neurotic Inoda Kushandisa Vamwe
Vanhu ava vanoona vamwe maererano nemashoko ezvingawanikwa kuburikidza nekubatana navo.
Vanhu vane chido ichi kazhinji vanozvirumbidza mukukwanisa kwavo kushandisa vamwe vanhu uye vanowanzotarisirwa mukubata vamwe kuti vawane vavariro dzinoda, kusanganisira zvinhu zvakadai semafungiro, simba, mari, kana zvepabonde.
6. Neurotic Chido Chokurumbira
Vanhu vane ruzivo rwekukudzwa vanozvikoshesa ivo pachavo maererano nekuzivikanwa kwevanhu uye kugamuchirwa. Zvinhu zvenyama, unhu hunhu , unyanzvi hunobudirira, uye vadikanwa vanoongororwa zvichienderana nehukuru hwekukosha. Vanhu ava vanowanzotya kunyadziswa kwevanhu vose uye kurasika kwehukama hwevanhu.
7. Neurotic Chido Chekuzvimirira
Vanhu vane chido chekushaya chido chekuzvidzivirira kwevanhu pachavo ndechekuziva uye vane maonero ekuwedzeredza. Vanoda kuve vanoyemura zvichibva pane izvi zvinofungidzirwa kuzviona, kwete pavari chaizvoizvo.
8. Neurotic Chido cheKubudirira Kwemunhu
Maererano naHorney, vanhu vanozvitsvakira kuti vaite zvinhu zvakakura uye zvakakura semugumisiro wokusachengeteka kukuru. Vanhu ava vanotya kukundikana uye vanonzwa vachidikanwa nguva dzose kuti vaite zvinopfuura vamwe vanhu uye nepamusoro kunyange ivo kubudirira kwavo kare.
9. Neurotic Chido Chokugutsikana uye Kuzvidzivirira
Vanhu ava vanoratidza "kusurukirwa" mupfungwa, kuzvisiyanisa nevamwe kuitira kuti vasasungwa pasi kana kuvimba kune vamwe vanhu.
10. Neurotic Rudo Rwakakwana uye Unassailability
Vanhu ava vanoramba vachitsvaka kukwana kusakwana. Chimwe chinhu chinozivikanwa chechido ichi chekushaya ruzivo chirikutsvaga zvikanganiso zvevanhu pachavo kuitira kuti zvikurumidze kuchinja kana kuvhara kukanganisa uku kunonzwisisika.
> Sources:
> Horney K. Self-Analysis . New York: Norton; 1942.
> Langenderfer G. Karen Horney. Muskingum College. http://www.muskingum.edu/~psych/psycweb/history/horney.htm.