Kana mumwe munhu akakukumbira kuti urondedze unhu hwepedyo hwemumwe wako, iwe ungati chii? Zvinhu zvishoma zvinogona kuuya mupfungwa ndezvinyorwa zvinotsanangura, zvakadai se "kubuda," "mutsa" uye "kunyange-kutsamwa." Zvose izvi zvinomiririra maitiro. Izvo zvinorevei izvo shoko rokuti "mamiriro" rinoreva?
Chiito chinogona kufungidzirwa sechimiro chisinganyatsogadziri chinokonzera vanhu kuzvibata mune dzimwe nzira.
Unhu hunoita unhu humwe humwe hukuru hwezvinhu pakudzidza unhu. Nzira iyi inofananidzira kuti humwe humwe humwe hune hunyanzvi huri hukuru.
Kusiyana nedzimwe pfungwa dzakawanda dzehutano, dzakadai sepfungwa dzepfungwa kana maonero evanhu , chimiro chinosvika kumunhu chinotarisa kune kusiyana pakati pevanhu. Kubatanidzwa nekubatana kwezvimiro zvakasiyana-siyana kunoumba unhu hwakasiyana nemunhu mumwe nomumwe. Mhemberero yedzidziso inotarisa pakutsanangura uye kuenzanisa unhu hweunhu humwe.
Gordon Allport's Trait Theory
Muna 1936, nyanzvi yezvepfungwa Gordon Allport akawana kuti rimwe duramanzwi remutauro weChirungu raive rine mazwi anopfuura 4 000 anotsanangura unhu hwakasiyana . Akaronga zvinhu izvi muzvikamu zvitatu:
MaKadhiiniti Mitezo: Izvi ndizvo zviito zvinotungamirira hupenyu hwose hwomunhu, kazhinji kusvikira munhu wacho anozivikanwa zvakananga nezvezviito izvi.
Vanhu vane hukama hwakadai vanogona kunyatsozivikaniswa nekuda kwezviito izvo mazita avo anowanzofananidzwa nemhando idzi. Funga nezvezvakabva uye zvinoreva zvinotevera zvinotsanangurwa: Machiavellian, narcissistic, Don Juan, Kristu-akadai, nezvimwewo.
Allport akakurudzira kuti makadhikiti maitiro haasviki uye anotanga kukura gare gare muupenyu.
Central Traits: Aya ndiwo maitiro anowanzoita nheyo dzehupenyu. Aya maitiro makuru, asi kwete sekutonga semakadhiine makadhi, ndiwo maitiro makuru aungashandisa kurondedzera mumwe munhu.
Mitemo yakadai se "wakangwara," "kutendeseka," "kunyara," uye "kuzvidya mwoyo" inofungidzirwa sehutsika.
Secondary Traits: Aya ndiwo maitiro anowanzobatana nemafungiro kana zvaanoda. Vanowanzoonekwa mune dzimwe mamiriro ezvinhu kana mumamiriro ezvinhu chaiwo. Mimwe mienzaniso ingadai ichiva kunetseka pakutaura neboka kana kushivirira paunenge wakamirira mumutsara.
Raymond Cattell's Sixteen Factor Questionnaire
Mutevedzeri wehutori Raymond Cattell akaderedza nhamba yehutsika hweunhu hunobva kuWorld's first list yevanhu vanopfuura 4 000 kusvikira 171. Akaita izvi kunyanya nokubvisa unhu husingawanzoitiki nekubatanidza maitiro akafanana.
Zvadaro, Cattell akaratidza muenzaniso mukuru wevanhu nokuda kwezvi 171 zvakasiyana. Zvadaro, achishandisa nhamba yekuzivikanwa inozivikanwa sechinhu chekuongorora, akacherechedza mazwi akabatana zvakanyanya uye pakupedzisira akaderedza runyora rwake kunongori humwe hunhu hunokosha hwemunhu 16 .
Maererano naCattell, idzi hutsika 16 ndiyo inobva mumunhu wese.
Akanyorawo chimwe chezvinyorwa zvakashandiswa zvakanyanya kufanana ne "Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire."
Eysenck's Three Dimensions of Personality
Nyanzvi yezvepfungwa yeBritain Hans Eysenck yakagadzira muenzaniso wehuhu hunotarirwa pamitambo mitatu yenyika yose.
Introversion / Extraversion: Introversion inosanganisira kutungamirira pfungwa pamusoro pezviitiko zvemukati, asi kuwedzera kunoreva kunongedzera kune vamwe vanhu uye zvakatipoteredza. Munhu akakwirira mukutaura kungave akanyarara uye akachengetedzwa, asi munhu akakwirira mukudengenyeka angave akabatana uye achibuda.
Neuroticism / Emotional Stability: Ichi chimiro cheEysenck chimiro chetsika chinokonzerwa nekuzvidya mwoyo kana kunyange-kuchena.
Neuroticism inoreva munhu ane tsika yekugumbukira kana kunzwa, asi kugadzikana kunoreva chido chekuramba uchifunga.
Psychoticism: Gare gare, mushure mekudzidza vanhu vane chirwere chepfungwa, Eysenck akawedzera unhu hukuru hwaakadana psychoticism pane zvaanodzidzisa. Vanhu vanokwidziridza pamamiriro ezvinhu aya vanowanzova nematambudziko ekubata neichokwadi uye vangave vasina hanya nevamwe, vane utsinye, vasingadi tsitsi, uye vanoita zvinhu.
The Five-Factor Theory of Personality
Dzidziso dzose dzaCattell uye Eysenck dzave dziri nyaya yekutsvakurudza kwakawanda. Izvi zvakaita kuti vamwe vanyori vatende kuti Cattell akaisa pfungwa pahutano hwakawanda, asi Eysenck akafunga nezvezvishoma. Somugumisiro, chidzidzo chitsva chetsika chinowanzonzi se "Big Five" nyanzvi yakabuda.
Izvi zvishanu-mufananidzo wehuhu hunhu hunomiririra hutano hutano hunobatanidza kuumba unhu hwevanhu . Kunyange zvazvo vanotsvakurudza kazhinji vasingabvumirani pamusoro pezvinonyorwa mazita kune rumwe rutivi, zvinotevera zvinotsanangurwa kazhinji:
- Kuwedzera
- Agreeableness
- Kuchengeta
- Neuroticism
- Kuvhura
Kuongorora Mitiro Unhu hweunhu
Vakawanda vanodzidza uye vanoongorora nezvepfungwa vanobvumirana kuti vanhu vanogona kurondedzerwa zvichienderana nehutsika hwavo. Asi, theorists vanoenderera mberi vachikakavadzana nhamba yehutsika hunokosha hunoita unhu hwevanhu. Kunyange zvazvo ruzivo rwetsika ruine chinangwa icho humwe unhu hunyanzvi husina (sekuda Freud's psychoanalytic dzidziso), iyo inewo utera.
Zvimwe zvezvinonyanya kutsoropodzwa zvehutano hwepfungwa huripo pamusoro pokuti zviito zvinowanzova zvisinganzwisisiki zvekuita. Kunyange zvazvo mumwe munhu angakokera kumusoro kuongororwa kwehumwe unhu, haangaiti nguva dzose achiita nenzira iyo mumamiriro ese ezvinhu. Chimwe dambudziko ndechekuti maitiro aya haatauri kuti sei kana kuti sei kusiyana kwehumwe muhupenyu hunobudirira kana kubuda.
Shoko Rinobva
Kudzidza unhu uye izvo zvinoumba uye zvinokonzera munhu wese zvinonakidza. Sezvaunogona kuona, avo vanodzidza munda uyu vane maonero akasiyana. Zvisinei, vanovaka mumwe nomumwe uye vanodzidza maitiro vanowanzogadzirisa basa revatungamiri vavo, izvo zvinowanzoonekwa mune zvose zvesayenzi.
Chinonyanya kukosha kunzwisisa ndechokuti munhu wose ane unhu hwakasiyana hweunhu. Isu tose tine humwe humwe hunoita hune humwe hune hune hutsika huzhinji hunogona kuitika mumamiriro akasiyana. Uyewo, unhu hwedu hunogona kuchinja nekufamba kwenguva uye hunogona kuumbwa nezviitiko zvedu.
> Sources:
> Allport GW. Unhu: Kushandurwa kwePfungwa. New York, NY: Holt, Rinehart, & Winston: 1937.
> Cattell RB. Unhu hweChirongwa cheChechi yeChidzidzo cheChechi. New York, NY: McGraw Hill; 1950.
> Eysenck HJ. Maitiro evanhu. New York, NY: John Wiley nevanakomana, Inc.; 1947.
> McCrae RR, Costa PT. Unhu Hwakanaka Muitiro Wakagadzirwa seHuman Universal. American Psychologist . 1997: 52 ; 509-516.