5 Zvikuru Zvikuru Zveunhu
Unhu hwakawanda hwemazuva ano hwepfungwa dzinofunga kuti pane humwe hutano hukuru hwomunhu, hunowanzonzi "Big 5" unhu hweunhu. Ihwo hutano hutsika hunhu hunotsanangurwa nedzidziso ndeyekuwedzera, kubvumirana, kusununguka, hana, neuroticism.
Tsika maitiro ehuunhu ave nenguva yakaedza kuvhara pasi kunyanya huri hutsika huripo.
Pakutanga mafungiro akaratidza nhamba dzakasiyana-siyana dzezviitiko zvinogona kuitika, kusanganisira Gordon Allport runyorwa rwe 4,000 unhu hweunhu, Raymond Cattell 16 manhu, uye Hans Eysenck's three-factor theory.
Zvisinei, vatsvakurudzi vakawanda vakafunga kuti Cattell's theory was so complicated and Eysenck's was too limited. Somugumisiro, nharo yechishanu-iyo yakatanga kurondedzera unhu hunokosha hunoshumira sezvivako zvehuunhu.
Chii Chinonzi Kukuru Kwemashanu Evanhu?
Nhasi, vatsvakurudzi vakawanda vanotenda kuti ndevashanu hutsika hunhu hweunhu. Uchapupu hwehutano iyi hwave huchiwedzera kwemakore mazhinji, kutanga ne tsvakurudzo yeDW Fiske (1949) uye gare gare yakawedzerwa pane vamwe vatsvakurudzi vanosanganisira Norman (1967), Smith (1967), Goldberg (1981), uye McCrae & Costa (1987) ).
I "huru shanu" yakazara maitiro eunhu hunhu. Nepo kune boka rinokosha rezvinyorwa zvinotsigira izvi zvishanu-mufananidzo weunhu, vatsvakurudzi havasi kubvumirana nguva dzose pamusoro pemabhuku chaiwo ega ega.
Unogona kuona zvichibatsira kushandura izwi rechiito cheOCEAN (kusununguka, kuchenjerera, kuwedzera, kubvumirana, uye kuora mwoyo) paunenge uchiedza kuyeuka zvinhu zvikuru zvishanu.
Zvakakosha kucherechedza kuti chimwe nechimwe chehutano hunhu hunomiririra hutano pakati pezvinhu zviviri zvakanyanyisa. Semuenzaniso, kuwedzerwa kunomiririra kuenderera mberi pakati pekunyanyisa kwakanyanya uye kuwedzera kwekutaura .
Munyika chaiye, vanhu vazhinji vanovata pane imwe nzvimbo pakati pezvikamu zviviri zve polar zveseri imwe neimwe.
Izvi zvikamu zvishanu zvinowanzonzi zvinotevera.
Kuvhura
Ichi chimiro chinosanganisira zvinhu zvakadai sekufungidzira uye kunzwisisa, uye avo vakakwirira mumamiriro ezvinhu aya vanowanzova nehuwandu hwezvido. Vanhu vakakwirira muhutano uyu vanowanzove vane ruzivo uye vanogadzira . Vanhu vakaderera muhutano huno kazhinji vanowanzoita tsika uye vanogona kurwisana nemafungiro asina kufunga.
Vanhu avo vakakwirira pakusununguka kupfuurira ndeyekuti:
- Kunyanya kugadzira
- Vhura kuedza zvinhu zvitsva
- Anonyanya kufunga nezvekutarisana nematambudziko matsva
- Anofara kufunga pamusoro pezvinyorwa zvinyorwa
Avo vari pasi pemaitiro aya:
- Regai kuchinja
- Usafadzwa nezvinhu zvitsva
- Ramba pfungwa itsva
- Kwete kunyanya kufunga
- Haafariri zvinyorwa kana zvinyorwa zvinodzidziswa
Kuchengeta
Mamiriro ehutano hwechidimbu ichi anosanganisira marefu ekufungisisa, nekutonga kwakanaka kwepfungwa uye zvinangwa-zvinotungamirirwa. Kunyanya kushamwaridzana kunowanzove kwakarongeka uye kufungisisa zvinyorwa.
Vaya vakakwirira pamusoro pehana yavo vanoenderera mberi vanowanzoti:
- Shandisa nguva yekugadzirira
- Pedza mabasa anokosha pakarepo
- Ngwarira zvakanyanya
- Unakidzwa nekuve nemarongwa akaiswa
Vanhu vakaderera muhutano uyu vanowanzoti:
- Hazvidi kushandiswa uye zvirongwa
- Ita zvinhu zvisina kunaka uye usatora zvinhu
- Kukundikana kudzorera zvinhu kana kuvadzosa kwavari
- Procrastinate mabasa anokosha
- Kukundikana kupedzisa zvinhu zvavanofanirwa kuita
Kuwedzera
Kuwedzererwa kunoratidzika nekunakidzwa, kushamwaridzana, kutaura, kugutsikana, uye huwandu hwakawanda hwekutaura kwepfungwa. Vanhu vakakwirira mukudengenyeka vari kusununguka uye vanowanzowana simba mumagariro evanhu. Vanhu vanowedzera kudengenyeka (kana kutumirwa) vanoita kunge vane zvakawanda zvakachengetedzwa uye vanofanira kushandisa simba mumagariro evanhu.
Vanhu vanofananidza nepamusoro pakudzingiswa kunowanzoti:
- Inakidzwa nekuve iyo nzvimbo yekucherechedza
- Kufanana kutanga kutaurirana
- Nakidzwa nekusangana nevanhu vatsva
- Iva neshamwari yakawanda yevamwe shamwari neshamwari
- Tsvaga zviri nyore kuita shamwari itsva
- Inzwa simba rakawanda pavari kune vamwe vanhu
- Taura zvinhu vasati vafunga nezvavo
Vanhu vanoona zvakaderera pakuwedzererwa vanowanzoti:
- Sarudza uri wega
- Unonzwa wakaneta kana vachida kufambidzana zvakawanda
- Tsvaga zvakaoma kutanga kukurukurirana
- Haafariri kuita hurukuro duku
- Ngwarira funga zvinhu kuburikidza vasati vataura
- Kusada kuva iyo nzvimbo yekucherechedza
Agreeableness
Uhu huno hutano hunosanganisira zvinhu zvakadai sekutenda, kusada , mutsa, rudo, uye mamwe maitiro emagariro . Vanhu vakakwirira mukubvumirana kunowanzove vakabatana pamwe nepo avo vanochera muhutano huno vanowanzova kukwikwidza uye kunyange kunyengera.
Vanhu vakakwirira mumamiriro ezvinhu ekubvumirana vanotaurira:
- Iva nehanya zvikuru kune vamwe vanhu
- Kutarisira pamusoro pevamwe
- Inzwa urombo uye unetseka kune vamwe vanhu
- Farira kubatsira nekupa kune mufaro kune vamwe vanhu
Vaya vakaderera mumamiriro ezvinhu aya vanowanzoti:
- Usatora zvishoma kune vamwe
- Hauna hanya nezvekuti vamwe vanhu vanonzwa sei
- Ita zvido zvishoma mune zvinetso zvevamwe vanhu
- Kunyomba uye kuderedza vamwe
Neuroticism
Neuroticism unhu hunoratidzwa nekusuwa, kufara, uye kusagadzikana mupfungwa. Vanhu vakakwirira mumamiriro ezvinhu aya vanowanzova nemafungiro emafungiro, kushungurudzika, kusagadzikana uye kusuruvara. Avo vakaderera mumamiriro ezvinhu aya vanowanzove vakanyatsogadzikana uye vakasimba mupfungwa.
Vanhu vanokwidziridzwa neuroticism vanowanzoti:
- Iva nezvinetso zvakawanda
- Kunetseka pamusoro pezvinhu zvakawanda zvakasiyana
- Kurumidza kutsamwa
- Dzidza zvinoshamisa mukuchinja kwepfungwa
- Inzwa kuzvidya mwoyo
Vaya vakaderera muitiro uyu vanowanzoti:
- Emotionally stable
- Bata zvakanaka nekutambudzika
- Kazhinji vanonzwa vakasuwa kana vakaora mwoyo
- Usafunganya zvakanyanya
- Akanyarara zvikuru
Ndiyo Unhu Hukuru Hashanu Here?
McCrae nevamwe vake vakawanawo kuti hukuru hutsika huno hunoonekwawo hunoshamisa. Chimwe chidzidzo chakatarisa vanhu kubva kune tsika dzinopfuura 50 dzakasiyana-siyana chakaona kuti zviyero zvishanu zvinogona kushandiswa zvakarurama kunyatsotsanangura unhu.
Kubva pakutsvakurudza uku, vazhinji vepfungwa dzepfungwa zvino vanofunga kuti hutano hunhu hutatu hahusi chete hupenyu hwose; ivo vanewo mhuka yezvisikwa. Nyanzvi yezvepfungwa David Buss yakaratidza kuti tsanangudzo yekushanduka-shanduka kwezvinhu izvi zvishanu zveunhu hunhu, zvichiratidza kuti hutsika huno hunomiririra unhu hwakakosha hunogadzirisa nzvimbo yedu yehukama.
Ndezvipi Zvinokanganisa Maitiro Makuru Matatu?
Kutsvakurudza kunoratidza kuti zvose zvinokonzerwa nehupenyu uye zvakatipoteredza zvinobatsira pakuumba hupenyu hwedu. Zvimwe zvidzidzo zvinoratidza kuti zvose zvisikwa uye kuchengetwa zvinotora chikamu mukukudziridzwa kweumwe neumwe hutano humwe zvinhu.
Chimwe chekudzidza nezvemagadzirirwo emagariro uye zvezvakatipoteredza zvezviitiro zvishanu zvakatarisa pa122 mapaundi emakumbo akafanana uye mapairi 127 emapatya ehama. Zvakawanikwa zvakaratidza kuti kukodzera kwechimwe chimiro chaiva makumi mashanu kubva muzana zvekuwedzera, 41 muzana yekubvumirana, 44 muzana yehana, 41 muzana yehutachiona, uye 61 yekusununguka.
Zvidzidzo zvemazuva akawanda zvinoratidzawo kuti hukuru huno hutsika hutano hunove husina kusimba pamusoro pemakore ekura. Chimwe chidzidzo chevakuru vakuru vekushanda vakawana kuti humwe hutsika hwakagara huri hwakasimba pamakore mana emakore uye hwakaratidza kushanduka kuduku sechikonzero chezviitiko zvehupenyu zvakaipa.
Zvidzidzo zvakaratidza kuti kusimwa kunogona kuva nemigumisiro pamitemo shanu. Sezvo vanhu vachikwegura, vanowanzova vaduku vasati vadzingwa, vashoma neurotic, uye vashoma kuzaruka kuti vawane. Kubvumirana uye kunyatsoziva, kune rumwe rutivi, zvinowedzera kuwedzera sezvo vanhu vachikura.
Shoko Rinobva
Nguva dzose yeuka kuti mufambiro unosanganisira kushamwaridzana pakati pehupenyu hwomunhu uye mamiriro akasiyana. Mamiriro ayo munhu anozviwana iye pachawo kana ari iye pachake anotamba basa guru mukuita kunoita munhu. Zvisinei, pane dzimwe nguva, vanhu vanopa mhinduro dzinopindirana nehupenyu hwavo hunhu.
Izvo zviyero zvinomiririra nzvimbo dzakawanda dzeunhu. Kutsvakurudza kwakaratidza kuti idzi boka rezviitiko zvinowanzoitika pamwe chete nevanhu vakawanda. Somuenzaniso, vanhu vanofambidzana vanowanzotaura. Zvisinei, zviito izvi hazviiti nguva dzose pamwe chete. Unhu hwakaoma uye hwakasiyana uye munhu mumwe nomumwe angaratidza maitiro kune huwandu hwezviyero izvi.
> Sources
> Cobb-Clark, DA & Schurer, S. Kugadzikana kwehukuru hunhu hutsika. Economics Tsamba. 2012; 115 (2): 11-15.
> Lang, KL, Livesley, WJ, & Vemon, PA. Kuzvidzivirira kwehukuru hutano hutsika uye zvikamu zvavo: Kudzidza mapatya. Journal of Personality. 1996; 64 (3): 577-591.
> Marsh, HW, Nagengast, B, & Morin, AJS. Kuyera kusapindira kwezvinhu zvikuru-shanu pamusoro pehupenyu: EEM kuongororwa kwebonde, makore, mapurasitiki, kukura, uye dolce vita madhara. Developmental Psychology . 2013; 49 (6): 1194-1218.
> McCrae, RR, Terracciano, A., uye Nhengo dzeMunhu Purogiramu yeCultures Project. Zvisikwa zvose zveunhu hunhu hunobva kumeso ekucherechedza: Data kubva kune tsika 50 dzakasiyana. Zvinyorwa zveMunhu uye Social Psychology. 2005; 88: 547-561.