Maziviro Edu Edu Anogadzira Kubva Kusawirirana
Iwe wakambove wakanzwa izwi rokuti " chikonzero chekuziva" kare uye iwe unogona kunge une pfungwa yakanaka chaizvo yezvinorehwa. Asi izvi zvakabva kupi? Sei vanhu vachiona rudzi urwu rwematambudziko? Icho chinhu chakasungwa kumakore ekuyaruka here?
Iyi pfungwa inotangira mubasa rekunyora kwepfungwa dzekuvandudza Erik Erikson uyo aidavira kuti kuumbwa kwekuzivikanwa kwaive chimwe chezvinhu zvinokosha zvikuru muupenyu hwemunhu.
Nekurikudziridza pfungwa yekuzivikanwa ndiyo chikamu chinokosha chemakore ekuyaruka, Erikson haana kutenda kuti kuumbwa uye kukura kwehuzivi zvaingova kungova mucheche. Pane kudaro, ruzivo chinhu chinoshandura uye chinokura muhupenyu hwose apo vanhu vanopikisana nematambudziko matsva uye vanogadzirisa zviitiko zvakasiyana.
Chii Chinonzi Dambudziko Dambudziko?
Hauna chokwadi chebasa rako muupenyu here? Iwe unonzwa sokuti iwe hauzive 'chaiye iwe' here? Kana ukapindura hongu kumibvunzo yapfuura, unogona kunge uine chinetso chekuziva. Nyanzvi Erikson Erikson akabatanidza nguva yehutano hwekuziva uye akatenda kuti yaiva imwe yenharo dzinonyanya kukosha vanhu vanotarisana nadzo mukugadzirisa .
Maererano naErikson, kusaziva kusaziva ndeye nguva yekuongorora zvakanyanya nekutsvaga nzira dzakasiyana dzekutarisa iwe pachako.
Kufarira kwaErikson mukuzivikanwa kwakatanga muhuduku. Akasimudzirwa wechiJudha, Erikson akaonekwa zvikuru kuScandinavia uye kazhinji aifunga kuti akanga ari kunze kwemapoka maviri acho.
Zvidzidzo zvake zvekare zvemararamiro pakati peYurok yekuchamhembe kweCalifornia neSioux yeSouth Dakota zvakabatsira kusimbisa pfungwa dzeErikson pamusoro pekuzivikanwa kwehuzivi nekuzivikanwa kwematambudziko.
Erikson akatsanangura huzivi se:
"... pfungwa yekuzvipira pamwe nehunoonekwa hunofanana hwehumwe humwechete uye hunoenderera mberi, huri pamwe chete nekutenda mune imwechete uye nekuenderera mberi kwechimwe chinhu chakagoverwa munyika.Sezvo unhu hwehupenyu hwusingafungi, izvi zvinogona kuva pachena mu munhu wechidiki uyo akazviwana pachake seanoona hukama hwake.Kuona kwake tinoona kuve nekubatana kwakasiyana kwezvinhu zvisingaregi kupa - kureva, mutauro wenyama uye mutsa, zvipo uye kutambudzika, mienzaniso yevana vaduku uye vakawana vavariro - pamwe chete zvisarudzo zvakapiwa mumabasa anowanikwa, mikana yebasa, maitiro anopiwa, vaongorori vakaonana, ushamwari hwakagadzirwa, uye kutanga kusangana pabonde. " (Erikson, 1970.)
Kutsvakurudza pamusoro peChiratidzo
Mune zvikamu zveErikson zvekusimudzika kwepfungwa , kubuda kwehutano hwekuzivikanwa hunoitika mukati memakore ekuyaruka umo vanhu vanorwisana nemanzwiro ehuzivi nehuwandu hwekuvhiringidzika .
Mutsvakurudzi James Marcia (1966, 1976, 1980) akawedzera pamusoro pechidzidzo chekutanga chaErikson. Maererano naMarcia nevamwe vake, kuenzanisa pakati pekuziva nekunyonganiswa kunoreva mukuzvipira kuzvizivikanwa. Marcia akawedzerawo nzira yekubvunzurudza kuti azive huzivi pamwe chete nemamwe mazita mana akasiyana-siyana. Iyi nzira inotarisa nzvimbo nhatu dzakasiyana dzekushanda: basa rebasa, zvitendero uye tsika, uye zvepabonde.
Zvinyorwa Zvitemo
- Kuzivikanwa kubudirira kunowanikwa apo munhu apfuura nekutsvaga mazita akasiyana uye akazvipira kune rimwe.
- Kurongeka ndiwo hutano hwemunhu anoshanda nesimba mukutsvaga mazita akasiyana asi haana kuita kuzvipira.
- Kufananidza chimiro ndechokuti munhu akazvipira pasina kuedza kuongorora kutsvaga.
- Kuzivikanwa kunoparidzika kunoitika kana pasina humwe unhu hwekuziva kana kuzvipira.
Vatsvakurudzi vakaona kuti avo vakazvipira zvakasimba kune vanozivikanwa vanowanzofara uye vanorarama kune avo vasina.
Vaya vane chimiro chekuzivikanwa kwavo vanoita sevanonzwa vasina nzvimbo munyika uye havafariri manzwiro ekuzivikanwa.
Munyika yanhasi inokurumidza kuchinja, matambudziko ehuzivi anowanzowirirana nhasi kupfuura mumazuva aErikson. Izvi zvinopesana hazvirevi kumakore ekuyaruka. Vanhu vanowanzovaona pazvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana muupenyu hwose, kunyanya pazvinhu zvekuchinja kwakadai sekutanga basa idzva, kutanga kweukama hutsva, kuguma kwechato, kana kuberekwa kwemwana. Kuongorora zvinhu zvakasiyana iwe pachako munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana dzehupenyu, kusanganisira basa rako kubasa, mukati memhuri, uye muhukama hwepabonde, zvinogona kubatsira kusimbisa unhu hwako.
> Sources:
> Erikson, EH (1970). Reflections on the > dissent > of youth contemporary., International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 51, 11-22.
> Marcia, JE (1966) Kuvandudza nekugadziriswa kwe ego mazita edzimhosva. Zvinyorwa zveMunhu uye Social Psychology, 3, 551-558.
> Marcia, JE (1976) Kuzivikanwa kwemakore masere mushure mekunge : >> Kuongorora-kutevera. Zvinyorwa zvevechidiki uye zvekuyaruka, 5, 145-160.
> Marcia, JE (1980) Kuzivikanwa mukuyaruka. Muna J. Adelson (Mupepeti), Handbook of Adolescent Psychology. New York: Wiley.