Kusarura izwi rinoshandiswa mune zvose zvechikoro uye zvinoshandiswa. Iko kunosanganisira kukwanisa kusiyanisa pakati pekuita chimwe chinhu chinokurudzira uye chakafanana. Muzviitiko zvose izvi, zvinoreva kupindura chete kune zvimwe zvinokanganisa, uye kwete kupindura kune zvakafanana.
Kusarura muClassical Conditioning
Mu classical conditioning , kusarurwa ndiko kukwanisa kusiyanisa pakati pemamiriro ezvinhu anokonzerwa nemamiriro ezvinhu uye zvimwe zvinokonzera zvisati zvave zvakakonzerwa nechisimba chisingatauri .
Semuenzaniso, kana bell tone yaiva iyo yakagadziriswa, kusarura kwaizobatanidza kukwanisa kuudza musiyano pakati pebhero inzwi nemamwe mhere.
I classical conditioning inoshanda seyiyi: Chimwe chiitiko chakanga chisati chava nekwakarerekera, chakadai sezwi, chinotenderedzwa nechishuvo chisina kubvumirwa (UCS). Izvo zvisingaiti zvinomiririra zvinomiririra chimwe chinhu chinowanzoitika uye chinongoerekana chichikonzera mhinduro. Semuenzaniso, kunhuwa kwezvokudya ndiko kusagadziriswa kusingafungi, asi kunyanya kunhuwira kunopindurwa. Mushure mokunge sangano rave rakaumbwa pakati pekusimbiswa kwezvematongerwe enyika, izvo zvino kuzivikanwa sechirongwa chekusimudzirwa (CS), uye kupindurwa kusingadiwi, CS inogona kukurudzira mhinduro imwechete, iye zvino inozivikanwa semhinduro yakagadziriswa, kunyange kana UCS isipo.
MuIvan Pavlov's classic experiments, kutinhira kwekutaura (kusatsigira kwemauto kwakagadziriswa kwakagadziriswa) kwakadzokidzwa kuwirirana nehuwandu hwezvokudya (kusagadziriswa kusingaiti), izvo zvakangoerekana zvichitungamirirwa kune mhinduro (isina kutenderwa).
Pakupedzisira, imbwa dzaizogadzikana mukupindura inzwi rekutaura chete (zvakagadziriswa zvakagadziriswa kune zvakagadziriswa). Zvino, fungidzira kuti Pavlov akaunza runyararo rwakasiyana kune kuedza. Panzvimbo pokuratidza inzwi rwenzwi, ngatimbofungidzira kuti akaridza hwamanda. Chii chaizoitika?
Kana imbwa dzisina kudonha mukupindura kwehwamanda runyanga, zvinoreva kuti vanogona kusarura pakati pekutinhira kwekutaura uye kushandiswa kwakafanana. Kwete runyararo chero rupi zvarwo ruchaita kuti mamiriro acho aite mhinduro. Nemhaka yekukurudzirwa kusarura, mhere-mhere chete inonyanya kuendesa kune mamiriro ekugadzirisa.
Mune imwe nzira inonyatsozivikanwa pamusoro pekugadzirwa kwechigadzirwa chekare, vatsvakurudzi vakarongedza kunakidzwa kwenyama (kusagadziriswa kusingafungi) nekuona kwendenderedzwa (yakagadziriswa), uye imbwa dzikadzidza kugadzikana pakupindura kuenderera kwendenderedzwa. Vatsvakurudzi vakawana, zvisinei, kuti imbwa dzaizotarisawo apo dzikaona kumira kwechimiro, chimiro chechivharo. Nokufamba kwenguva, sezvo imbwa dzikawana miedzo yakawanda uye yakawanda apo yaisati ichinakirwa nenyama kana ichiona kuvhara, ivo vakazogona kusarura pakati pezvinhu zviviri zvakafanana. Vaizogadzikana mukupindura kune denderedzwa, asi kwete pavakaona iyo yakanyanyisa.
Kusarura Mukushanda Kwekugadzirisa
Mune hurumende inoshandiswa , kusarura kunoreva kupindura chete kuchisarudzira kusarura uye kwete kune zvinokanganisa zvakafanana. Somuenzaniso, fungidzira kuti wakadzidzisa imbwa yako kuti idzike mumhepo pose paunoti murairo, "Jump!" Muchiitiko ichi, kusarura kunoreva kukwanisa kwembwa yako kusiyanisa pakati pemurairo wekukwira uye nemirairo yakafanana yakadai sokugara, kugara, kana kutaura.
Stimulus Kusarura vs. Stimulus Generalization
Kushushikana kusarura kunogona kusiyaniswa nechakafanana chakazivikanwa sechikurudziro generalization . Muchikoro chechimiro, somuenzaniso, kukurudzira kuitika kunosanganisira kusagona kusiyanisa pakati pemamiriro ekusimudzirwa uye zvimwe zvinokanganisa zvakafanana. Muchidiki chinonzi Little Albert chiitiko , mukomana wechidiki aifungidzirwa kuti atya rutsvuku, asi akaratidza kutya kwekutaura pamusana pezvakafanana nemachena, furry zvinhu.
> Sources:
> Shenger-Krestovnikova NR. Mipiro yePhysiology yekusiyanisa Visual Stimuli, uye Kugadziriswa kweMugove wekusiyanisa neVisual Analyzer of the Dog. Bulletin ye Institute of Lesgaft, iii. 1921.
> Watson JB, Rayner R. Akafanirwa Maitiro Emotional. Muna: Green CD, ed. Makirasiki muNhoroondo yePsychology. Zvinyorwa zveUongorori Pepychology . 1920; 3 (1): 1-14.