Maitiro ekusafunga kwepfungwa dzepfungwa dzekare
Pakave nenhamba dzinoverengeka dzezvidzidzo zvepfungwa dzepfungwa dzinofungidzirwa kuva nharo, dzisina kuchena, dzisina kunaka uye kunyange dzakashata zvakasimba - heyi nharo nharo dzinokakavara dzepfungwa dzepfungwa. Vongai nemitemo yemitemo uye mapurisa ekuongorora mahofisi, zvizhinji zvezviitiko izvi hazvigone kuitwa nhasi.
1 - Milgram "Inotyisa" Kuteerera Kuongorora
Kana mumwe munhu akakuudza kuti upe zvinorwadza, zvichida zvinouraya kune mumwe munhu, iwe ungazviita here? Iro rukuru rwedu rungati tinenge tisingatomboiti chinhu chakadaro, asi imwe nharo yekupikisa kwepfungwa inopesana nemafungiro aya ekutanga.
Nyanzvi yezvemagariro evanhu Stanley Milgram yakaita ruzivo rwezviongorori kuti uongorore maitiro ekuteerera . Milgram ndiyo yaitaura kuti vanhu vaiwanzoenda kune hukuru uye dzimwe nguva nengozi, kana kunyange hutsika, hurefu hwekuteerera chiremera chemasimba.
Mukuedza kwaMilgram , nhepfenyuro dzakarayirwa kuti dziwedzere kushungurudza magetsi kunowedzera kune mumwe munhu. Kunyange zvazvo munhu ari mubvunzo aingova mutambi aive achizvinyengera, nyaya dzacho dzakanyatsogutsikana kuti mumwe munhu akanga achinyadziswa. Izvo zviyero zvinotanga kubuda pamabhati makumi matatu uye zvakakura mumadhora gumi nemashanu-kusvika kune mazana mana. Iko kushandurwa kwakanyorwawo nemitsara inosanganisira "kushamiswa kuduku", "kutyisidzira mukati," uye "ngozi: kushamiswa kukuru." Zvose zvinotyisa zvinongorondedzerwa ne "XXX" inotyisa.
Zvigumisiro zvekuedza zvakanga zvisingashamisi. Chimwe chikamu 65 kubva muzana chevatori vechikamu vaida kupa hurukuro yepamusoro yekutya, kunyange kana munhu achiita sokuti anotyisidzirwa aipemha kuti asunungurwe kana kunyunyuta kwemamiriro emwoyo.
Iwe unogona kunge uchiona kuti nei Milgram ichiedza kuonekwa seine kukakavara. Hazvina kungojekesa ruzivo runoshamisa pamusoro pehurefu hwevanhu vanoda kuenda kuti vateerere, zvakakonzerawo kutambudzika kwakawanda kune avo vatora chikamu. Maererano nekuongorora kwaMilgram yevatori vechikamu, 84 muzana vanoti vaifara kuti vainge vabatanidzwa mukuedza, asi 1 muzana vakati vakazvidemba nekubatanidzwa kwavo.
2 - Chirwere che "Gomba Rokuora Mwoyo"
Nyanzvi yezvepfungwa Harry Harlow yakaita ruongedzo rwezvakaedzwa muma1960 dzakagadzirirwa kuongorora zvakasimba izvo zvinodiwa nekubatanidza zvinowanikwa mukuvandudza kwakanaka. Mune zvidzidzo izvi, Harlow akaisa madiki rhesus mbongoro, achidzivisa vanaamai uye achidzichengetedza kusawirirana nemamwe mbongoro. Kuedza kwaiwanzoita kushamwaridzana utsinye, uye migumisiro yaingova yakaipisisa.
Ikocheche mbongoro mune zvimwe zvedzidzo dzakaparadzaniswa navanaamai chaivo uye dzakakwidziridzwa ne "madzimai" amai. Mumwe wemadzimai akazvimiririra akaitwa mutsara chete. Kunyange zvazvo ichipa zvokudya, hazvina kupa zvinyoro kana kunyaradza. Imwe amai vaizvimiririra vakaitwa nematare nemucheka, vachipa imwe nyaradzo yekunyaradza kumucheche makomana. Harlow akawana kuti kunyange zvazvo mbongoro dzichienda kuna amai vedare kuti dziwane zvokudya, dzakasarudza amai vakanyoro, vane machira kuti vanyaradzwe.
Zvimwe zveHarlow zvakaongororwa zvinosanganisira kurega monkey mutsva mune zvaaiti "gomba rokuora mwoyo." Ichi chaive chiri chipinda chekutarisa. Masheche vaduku akaiswa muzvivanze zvekutarisana kwemavhiki gumi. Dzimwe mbongoro dzakanga dzakasarudzwa kwenguva yakareba segore. Mumazuva mashomanana chete, mbongoro dzecheche dzaizotanga kuvhara mukona yekamuri, dzichiramba dzichienda.
Kutsvakurudza kwakaipisisa kweHarlow kwakaita kuti mbongoro dzive nekunetseka mupfungwa nemagariro evanhu. Vakanga vasina ruzivo rwemagariro evanhu uye vakanga vasingakwanisi kutamba nemamwe mbongoro. Vakanga vasina kukwanisa kuita tsika dzepabonde, saka Harlow akagadzira chimwe chimwe chinotyisa, chaaiti "kubatwa chibharo." Mhuka dzisiri dzoga dzakasungirwa pasi munzvimbo yekubatanidza kuti iite. Hazvishamisi kuti mbongoro dziri kure dzakaguma dzisingakwanisi kutarisira vana vavo, kurega nekushandisa zvisina kufanira vana vavo.
Kuedza kweHarlow kwakazoguma muna 1985 apo American Psychological Association yakapedza mitemo ine chokuita nekubata vanhu nemhuka mukutsvakurudza.
3 - Zimbardo's Simulated Prison Experiment
Nyanzvi yezvepfungwa Philip Zimbardo akaenda kuchikoro chesekondari naStanley Milgram uye aifarira kuti kuchinja kwemaitiro kunobatsira sei hukama hwevanhu. Mune mukurumbira wake akakurumbira uye anokakavadzana, akaisa jeri rinoseka muchitsime chemukondi wepfungwa paStanford University . Vaparidzi vakabva vagovererwa kuti vave vasungwa kana varindi, uye Zimbardo pachake aishanda semutariri wejeri.
Vatsvakurudzi vakaedza kuita mamiriro ezvinhu chaiwo, kunyange "kusunga" vasungwa nekuvaisa mujeri rakaseka. Vasungwa vakaiswa muunifomu, asi varindi vakaudzwa kuti vaifanira kuchengetedza kutonga kwejeri vasingashandisi kumanikidzira kana chisimba. Apo vasungwa vakatanga kusateerera mirairo, varindi vakatanga kushandisa maitiro aisanganisira kunyadziswa uye akavharirwa oga kuti varange uye vatonge vasungwa.
Kunyange zvazvo kuedza kwakatanga kugadzirirwa kupedza vhiki mbiri dzakakwana kwaifanira kumira shure kwemazuva matanhatu chete. Sei? Nokuti varindi vejeri vakanga vatanga kushandisa zvisina simba simba ravo uye vaibata vasungwa zvine utsinye. Vasungwa, kune rumwe rutivi, vakatanga kuratidza zviratidzo zvekuzvidya mwoyo uye kushushikana mupfungwa.
Hazvina kusvika kusvikira mudzidzi akapedza kudzidza (uye mudzimai waZimbardo womunguva yemberi) Christina Maslach akashanyira jeri rinoseka kuti rakava pachena kuti mamiriro acho akanga asingagoni kudzora uye akanga atoenda kure. Maslach akashamiswa pane zvakanga zvaitika uye akaratidza kutambudzika kwake. Zimbardo akabva asarudza kubvisa chiedza.
Zimbardo akazoti "kunyange zvazvo takapedza kudzidza kwevhiki pasati yataronga, hatina kugumisa pakarepo."
4 - Watson naRayner's Little Albert Experiment
Kana iwe wakatombotora Chikamu chekirasi ye Psychology , iwe unogona kunge unenge uchiziva zvishomanana na Little Albert . Nyanzvi yehupenyu John Watson nemubatsiri wake Rosalie Rayner vakagadzirisa mukomana kuti atya rutsvuku, uye kutya uku kwakatowedzera kune zvimwe zvinhu zvitsvuku zvakasanganisira matambo akavezwa uye Watson ndebvu dzake.
Zviri pachena, rudzi urwu rwekuedza runofungidzirwa kuti rwakakavhiringidza nhasi. Kutya mwana uye nechinangwa chikonzero chekuti mwana atye hachisi pachena. Sezvo nhau yacho ichienda, mukomana naamai vake vakatama pamberi peWatson naRayner vakakwanisa kuderedza mwana, saka vanhu vazhinji vachishamisika kana paine murume kunze uko kutya kunoshamisa kwe furry michena.
Vamwe vatsvakurudzi vatsva vakaratidza kuti mukomana ari pakati pekudzidza akanga ari mwana anonzi Douglas Meritte. Ava vanotsvakurudza vanodavira kuti mwana uyu akanga asiri mukomana ane hutano hwakarondedzerwa, asi chaizvoizvo mukomana akaora mwoyo akazofa kufa kwe hydrocephalus paaiva nemakore matanhatu chete. Kana iri ichokwadi, inoita kuti Watson aongorore zvakanyanya kuvhiringidza uye kukakavara. Zvisinei, humwe humwe huchangobva huchapupu hunoratidza kuti Little Albert chaiye akanga ari mukomana ainzi William Albert Barger.
5 - Seligman Tarisa Kudzidza Kusabatsira
Munguva yekupera kwema1960, masayendisiti ezvepfungwa Martin Seligman naSteven F. Maier vakanga vachiita zviitiko zvinosanganisira kugadziriswa kwembwa kutarisira kushamiswa kwemagetsi pashure pokunzwa inzwi. Seligman naMaier vakacherechedza zvimwe zvisingatarisirwi.
Pakutanga akaiswa muvharo rekuvhara mukati umo rumwe rutivi rwakanga rwugadziriswa, imbwa dzaizokurumidzira kusvetuka pamusoro pechigadziro chakadzika kuti chidzivirire kushungurudzwa. Zvadaro, imbwa dzakanga dzakasungirirwa muhandi apo kushamiswa kwakanga kusingagoni kudzivirirwa.
Mushure mekugadziriswa kutarisira kushamiswa kwavakanga vasingakwanisi kupukunyuka, imbwa dzaive zvakare dzakagadzirirwa muvhareji yekuvhara. Panzvimbo pokusvetuka pamusoro pemuganhu wakadzika kutiza, mbwanana haana kuita basa rekutiza mubhokisi. Panzvimbo pezvo, vanongorara pasi, vakacheneswa uye vakaputirwa. Sezvo vaimbove vaziva kuti hapana kupukunyuka kwaigona, havana kuedza kuchinja mamiriro avo ezvinhu. Vatsvakurudzi vakadana kuti maitiro aya akadzidza kusabatsira .
Basa raSeligman rinoonekwa sokukakavadzana nokuti kushungurudza mhuka dzinobatanidzwa mukudzidza.