Mukugadzirisa mamiriro ezvinhu, kukurudzirwa kwekugadzirisa ndeye chimiro chechimiro chekusimudzira mafungiro ekutsvaga mhinduro dzakadaro mushure mokunge mhinduro yave yakagadzirirwa. Semuenzaniso, kana mwana akave akarongerwa kutya mutambo wakagadzirwa mutsvuku, hucharatidza kutya kwezvinhu zvakafanana nemamiriro ekusimudzirwa akadai semucheka mutsvuku.
Chimwe chizivikanwi chepfungwa chepfungwa chinonyatsoratidza zvakajeka kushandiswa kwemaitiro ekugadzira.
Muchidiki chechidiki chaAlbert Albert , vatsvakurudzi John B. Watson naRosalie Rayner vakatarisa mukomana muduku kuti atye rutsvuku.
Vatsvakurudzi vakacherechedza kuti mukomana wacho akawana kukurudzira kwekuita nekuratidzira kutya mukupindura zvinokanganisa zvakafanana kusanganisira imbwa, mutsvuku, shati yehuto, chichena cheSanta Claus ndebvu, uye kunyange mvere dzaWatson. Panzvimbo pekusiyanisa pakati pekutya chinhu uye zvinokanganisa zvakafanana, mukomana muduku akave achitya zvinhu zvakange zvakafanana nechitarisiko chemucheka mutsvuku.
Chikonzero nei ichikosha
Zvakakosha kunzwisisa kuti kukurudzirwa kweikuita kunogona kukanganisa mhinduro kumamiriro ekusimudzirwa. Pane imwe nguva munhu kana mhuka yakadzidziswa kuti iite chimwe chinhu, zvinokanganisa zvakafanana zvinogona kuita mhinduro imwe chete zvakare. Dzimwe nguva izvi zvinogona kuva zvinonetsa, kunyanya mumamiriro ezvinhu apo munhu anenge achida kukwanisa kusiyanisa pakati pe stimuli uye kupindura chete kune chinonyanya kukurudzira.
Somuenzaniso, kana uri kushandisa chirongwa chekudzidzisa imbwa yako kuti ugare, ungashandisa kurapa kuvaka sangano pakati pekunzwa izwi rokuti "Sit" uye kugamuchira kurapwa. Stimulus generalization inogona kukonzera imbwa yako kupindura nekugara apo inonzwa mirairo yakafanana, iyo inogona kuita kuti kurovedza kuve kwakaoma.
Muchiitiko ichi, iwe unoda kushandisa kusarura kusarura kudzidzisa imbwa yako kusiyanisa pakati pemirairo yezwi yakasiyana.
Stimulus generalization inogonawo kutsanangura kuti sei kutya kwechinhu chimwe kazhinji kunobata zvinhu zvakawanda zvakafanana. Munhu anotya zvigunwe kazhinji haangatyi rudzi rumwe chete rwekandara. Pane kudaro, kutya uku kuchashandirwa kune marudzi ose uye hukuru hwevanga. Munhu wacho angatove akatya zvipfeko zvepikicha uye mifananidzo yezvitsvuku zvakare. Kutya uku kunogona kukwanise kune zvimwe zvisikwa zvakafanana nevezvitsvuku zvakadai sezvikwata uye zvipembenene.
Classical and Operant Conditioning
Stimulus generalization inogona kuitika mune zvose classical conditioning uye operant conditioning.
Kutya kwaAlexbert kwezvinhu zvakachena zvehutsvene muenzaniso wakanaka wekuti kukurudzirwa kwemashoko kunoshanda sei muchikoro chechimiro. Apo mwana wacho aive akamborongerwa kuti atya rutsvuku, kutya kwake kwakagadzirisawo zvinhu zvakafanana.
Mune hutachiona hunoita, kukurudzirwa kwekugadzirisa kunotsanangura kuti tingadzidza sei chimwe chinhu mune imwe mamiriro ezvinhu uye tinoshandisa kune mamwe mamiriro akafanana.
Semuenzaniso, fungidzira kuti vabereki vanoranga mwanakomana wavo nekuda kwekusashambidza imba yake. Anozopedzisira agadzirisa kuchenesa marwadzo ake kuti arege kurangwa.
Panzvimbo pokufanirwa kuwirirana nemafambiro echikoro, anoshandisa maitiro akafanana aakadzidza kumba kumba kwake kuchikoro uye akachenesa marara ake asati mudzidzisi amuraira.
Stimulus Kusarudzwa
Zvisinei, nyaya inogona kudzidziswa kusarura pakati pezvinokanganisa zvakafanana uye kungopindura kune chimwe chinhu chinokurudzira. Somuenzaniso, fungidzira kuti imbwa yakadzidziswa kumhanya kumwene wayo paanonzwa kurira. Mushure mekunge imbwa yakagadziriswa, inogona kupindura kune mhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzinofanana neridziri. Nemhaka yokuti mudzidzisi anoda kuti imbwa iite chete nemutsindo chaiwo wekuridza mhere, mudzidzisi anogona kushanda nemhuka kuti amudzidzise kusarura pakati pemisasa yakasiyana.
Pakupedzisira, iyo imbwa inopindura chete kune mhere uye kwete kune dzimwe tones.
Mune imwe tsanzvi yekuongorora yakaitwa muna 1921, mutsvakurudzi Shenger-Krestovnika akabatanidza kunakidza kwenyama (iyo ndiyo inenge isingagadziriswi panguva ino) nekuona kwendenderedzwa. Imbwa dzikabva dzadzidza kugadzirisa (iyo ndiyo mhinduro yakagadziriswa ) pose pavakaona denderedzwa.
Vatsvakurudzi vakaona zvakare kuti imbwa dzaizotanga kumira apo dzichiratidza ne-ellipse, iyo yakanga yakafanana asi yakasiyana zvakasiyana neyenderedzwa yegenderedzwa. Mushure mekukundikana kubatanidza kuonekwa kwechizoro nekanakisa nyama, imbwa dzaikwanisa kusarura pakupedzisira pakati pendenderedzwa uye kuvhara.
Sezvaunogona kuona, kukurudzira hukuru kunogona kuva nechinonyanya kukosha pamhinduro yekusimudzirwa. Dzimwe nguva vanhu vanogona kusarura pakati pezvinhu zvakafanana, asi mune dzimwe nguva, kukanganisa kwakafanana kunowanzokonzera mhinduro imwe chete.
Shoko Rinobva
Stimulus generalization inogona kuita basa rinokosha mumamiriro ekugadzirisa. Dzimwe nguva zvinogona kutungamirira kumhinduro dzinofadza, dzakadai sekudzidza maitiro akanaka mumamiriro ezvinhu ega zvinogona kutamira pakuratidzira maitiro akanaka akafanana kune mamwe maitiro.
Mune dzimwe nguva, tsika iyi yekuita zvinhu zvinokonzera zvimwe zvinogona kutungamirira kumatambudziko. Kukundikana kusiyanisa pakati pemirairo miviri kunogona kuita kuti nzira yekudzidza ive yakaoma uye inogona kutungamirira kumhinduro dzisina kururama. Nenzira inofadza, zvakafanana nemitemo iyo inoshandiswa kudzidzisa mafambiro matsva anogona kushandiswa kubatsira vadzidzi kuti vasarudze pakati pezvinokanganisa zvakafanana uye vanongopindura zvinodiwa.
> Sources:
> Franzoi, SL. Psychology: A Discover Experience. Mason, OH: Cengage Kudzidza; 2015.
> Nevid, JS. Psychology: Concepts uye Applications. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth; 2013.