Nhungamiro Nhanho-Nhanho Kwakaitwa Kare Chikoro Chaizvo Chaizvo
Chikoro chekugadzirisa chimiro chimiro chekudzidza chakange chiine simba guru pachikoro chekufunga mupfungwa dzepfungwa dzinozivikanwa sekunamata. Yakawanikwa nechirwere chemapurusi weRussia Ivan Pavlov , classical conditioning inzira yekudzidza inowanikwa kuburikidza neshamwari pakati pekusimudzirwa kwezvakatipoteredza uye chiitiko chinowanzoitika.
Classical Conditioning Basics
Kunyange zvazvo classical conditioning yakanga isingawanikwi nenyanzvi yepfungwa zvachose, yakave nemasimba makuru pamusoro pechikoro chekufunga mune zvepfungwa dzinozivikanwa sekuti behaviorism .
Unhu hwekuita hunoenderana nekufunga kwekuti:
- Dzidzo yose inouya kuburikidza nekubatana nemhepo
- Nzvimbo dzakasikwa dzinoita maitiro
Zvakakosha kucherechedza kuti classical conditioning inosanganisira kuisa chiratidzo chisingatauri pamberi pekufungisisa kwezvakaitika. MuPavlov's classic experiment ne imbwa, chiratidzo chekusava neutachiona chaiva inzwi rekutaura uye kufungidzika kwezvakangoerekana kwaitika kwaikurira mukupindura kwezvokudya. Nokubatanidza kusarerekera kwekutakura kwezvinhu zvakasikwa (kuiswa kwezvokudya), kurira kwezwi chete kunogona kuita kuti salivation inopindurwa.
Kuti uchinzwisise kuti zvakanyanya sei pamusoro pekushanda kwechigadzirwa chepachikoro, zvinokosha kuti uzive nemitemo inokosha yekuita.
Chikoro Chaicho Chinoshanda Sei?
Chikoro chechigadziriro chinosanganisira kuita sangano pakati pezviitiko zviviri zvinokonzerwa nechidzidzo chekudzidza. Pane zvikamu zvitatu zvinokosha zveizvi:
Chikamu 1: Pamberi pekugadzirisa
Chikamu chekutanga chechikoro chekugadzirisa chirongwa chinodikanwa chiitiko chinowanzoitika chinozoita kuti mhinduro iite. Kunyatsopindura mukupindura kunhuwa kwezvokudya muenzaniso wakanaka wezvinoitika zvinowanzoitika.
Pakati pechikamu chezviitiko, kusagadziriswa kusingaiti (UCS) kunoguma mukusateerera kusingadi (UCR).
Semuenzaniso, kupa chikafu (UCS) zvakasikwa uye zvinogadzirisa zvinokonzera salivation response (iUCR).
Parizvino, panewo kusarura kwakasununguka kunobereka zvisingagone - asi zvakadaro. Izvo hazvisi kusvikira kusagadzikana kwekusarerekera kwakasangana neUCS kuti ichauya kuzomutsa mhinduro.
Ngatinyatsoongororei zvikamu zviviri zvakakosha zvechikamu chechikoro chechimiro.
Iko kusinganzwisisiki kunokonzera kune imwe isingabvumirwi, zvisikwa, uye inongotanga kuchinja mhinduro. Somuenzaniso, kana uchinhuwa imwe yezvokudya zvako zvaunofarira, unogona kunzwa uine nzara pakarepo. Mumuenzaniso uyu, kunhuwa kwezvokudya ndiko kukurudzira kusingadiwi.
Mhinduro isingadikanwi ndeyekupindura kusina kudzidza kunowanzoitika muchimiro chekusimudzirwa kusingaiti. Muchiitiko chedu, kunzwa kwenzara mukupindura kunhuwa kwezvokudya ndiko kupindura kusingadiwi.
Chikamu chechipiri: Panguva yekugadzirisa
Munguva yechipiri chechikoro chekugadzirisa mamiriro ezvinhu, kushandiswa kwepamberi mune zvematongerwo enyika kare kwakaparadzaniswa nechisimba chisina kubvumirwa. Somugumisiro wekubatana uku, kushamwaridzana pakati pekusava neutongerwo enyika uye UCS inoumbwa. Parizvino, chiitiko chekare chisina kukwira mune zvematongerwo enyika chinowanzozivikanwa sechirongwa chekusimudzira (CS).
Nyaya iyi yave yakagadziriswa kuti iite izvi.
Izvo zvinokonzerwa nemamiriro ezvinhu zvakambotanga kusagadzikana zvematongerwe enyika, kuti, mushure mekunge uchishamwaridzana nemafungiro asina kufanira, pakupedzisira inotanga kugadzirisa mhinduro. Mumuenzaniso wedu wekare, fungidzira kuti pawakanzwa zvekudya zvako zvaunofarira, iwe zvakare wakanzwa kurira kwehesi. Kunyange zvazvo ruzha rusingabviri nekunhuhwira kwezvokudya, kana kurira kwemheremhere kwaiparadzaniswa kazhinji nekunhuhwira, ruzha rwaizoguma ruchiita mhinduro yakagadziriswa. Muchiitiko ichi, kutinhira kwemheremhere ndiyo yakagadziriswa.
Phase 3: Mushure mekugadzirisa
Kana kambani iyo yave ichiitwa pakati peUCS uye CS, kupa mutemo wakagadziriswa woga kuchauya kumutsa mhinduro kunyange pasina kunze kwekusimudzirwa. Mhinduro inoguma inozivikanwa sehutano hwekuita (CR).
Mhinduro yehutano ndiyo inopindurwa yekudzidzira kumusangano wepakutanga usina kwaakarerekera. Muchiitiko chedu, mhinduro yakagadziriswa ingadai iri kunzwa nzara apo wakanzwa kurira kwemheremhere.
Nheyo Nheyo dzeClassical Conditioning
Behaviorists vakatsanangura zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvakasiyana-siyana zvinosanganisira classical conditioning. Zvimwe zvezvikamu izvi zvinosanganisira kutanga kwekugadzirisa kwepindure apo vamwe vanotsanangura kuparara kwemhinduro. Zvinhu izvi zvakakosha pakunzwisisa chigadziriro chekugadzirisa zvinhu.
Ngatinyatsoongororai mazano mashanu ezvinyorwa zvekugadzirisa zvinhu:
1. Kuwana
Kuwana chikwata chekutanga chekudzidza apo mhinduro inotanga kusimbiswa uye zvishoma nezvishoma yakasimbiswa. Munguva yekuwana chikwata chechikoro chekugadzirisa, kusagadzikana kwekutakura kune dzimwe nguva kunowirirana nechisimba chisingadikanwi . Sezvaunogona kuyeuka, kusagadziriswa kusinganzwisisiki chinhu chinowanzoitika uye chinongoerekana chichiita mhinduro pasina ruzivo. Mushure mekunge sangano riri kuitwa, nyaya yacho inotanga kubudisa maitiro mukupindura kusati kwamboita zvematongerwe enyika, iyo zvino inozivikanwa seyakagadziriswa. Pano apa tinogona kutaura kuti mhinduro yawanikwa.
Semuenzaniso, fungidzira kuti uri kugadzirisa imbwa kuti igadzire mukupindura inzwi rechero. Iwe unowedzera kubatanidza mharidzo yezvokudya nekutinhira kwebhero. Iwe unogona kuti mhinduro yave yawanikwa pakarepo imbwa inotanga kumira mukupindura bhero tone.
Kana imwe nguva mhinduro yave yave yakagadziriswa, unogona kuwedzera zvishoma nezvishoma kupindura salivation kuti uone kuti mufambiro wakanyatsodzidza.
2. Kukanganiswa
Kukanganiswa ndeye apo kuitika kwemaitiro akachengetedzwa kunoderedza kana kupera. Mu classical conditioning, izvi zvinoitika kana chirwere chinenge chichigadziriswa chisati chave chakabatanidzwa nechisimba chisingaiti.
Somuenzaniso, kana kunhuhwira kwezvokudya (kusagadziriswa kusina kukwana) kwakange kwakabatanidzwa nekunzwika kwemheremhere (iyo yakagadziriswa), yaizosvika pakuvhiringidza mamiriro ekudzivirira nzara. Zvisinei, kana kusagadziriswa kusina kufungidzirwa (kunhuwira kwezvokudya) kwakanga kusisatenderwi nemamiriro ekusimudzirwa (rwiyo), pakupedzisira mamiriro ekuita (nzara) aizopera.
3. Kudzokorora kunowanikwa
Dzimwe nguva mhinduro inodzidza inogona kugadziriswa kamwe kamwe kana mushure mekupera kwekupera. Kudzoka kwemazuva ose ndiko kuwanikwa kwemaitiro akachengetwa mushure mekuzorora kwenguva kana nguva yekupindurwa kuderera. Somuenzaniso, fungidzira kuti mushure mekudzidzisa imbwa kuti igare kune inzwi rebhero, iwe unomira kusimbisa maitiro uye kupindura pakupedzisira kunopera. Mushure mekuzorora kwepanguva apo izvo zvinokonzerwa nemamiriro ezvinhu hazvibudiswi, iwe pakarepo unonyorera bhero uye mhuka yacho inopedza zvinyorwa zvakapfuura.
Kana mamiriro ekusimudzirwa uye kusagadziriswa kusinganzwisisiki hazvisati zvichisanganiswa, kuparara kuchaitika nokukurumidza zvikuru mushure mekudzikinurwa kwepano.
4. Stimulus Generalization
Stimulus Generalization ndiyo tsika yekusimudzira mafungiro ekuvhura mhinduro dzakafanana mushure mokunge mhinduro yave yakagadzirirwa.
Somuenzaniso, kana imbwa yakagadziriswa kuti igadzire painzwi rebhero, mhuka inogonawo kuratidza mhinduro imwechete kune zvinokurudzira zvakafanana nemamiriro ekusimudzirwa. MuJohn B. Watson's Little Albert Experiment yakakurumbira, somuenzaniso, mwana muduku aifungidzirwa kutya mutambo mutsvuku. Mwana wacho akaratidza kukurudzira kwekuita nekuratidzira kutya mukupindura kune zvimwe zvinhu zvitsvuku zvakasvibiswa zvakasanganisira zvidhori zvakagadzirwa uye Watson ane bvudzi.
5. Stimulus Kusarura
Kusarura ndiko kukwanisa kusiyanisa pakati pemamiriro ezvinhu anokonzerwa nemamiriro ezvinhu uye zvimwe zvinokonzera kusina kubatanidzwa nechisimba chisingaiti.
Semuenzaniso, kana bell tone iri iyo yakagadziriswa, kusarura kunosanganisira kukwanisa kuudza musiyano pakati pebhere tone nemamwe manzwi akafanana. Nemhaka yokuti nyaya yacho inokwanisa kusiyanisa pakati pezvinokonzera izvi, iye chete achangopindura apo mamiriro ezvinhu anogadziriswa anowanikwa.
Zviitiko zveClassical Example
Zvinogona kubatsira kutarisa mienzaniso mishomanana yekuti classical chimiro chekuita chinoshanda sei muzviongorori uye kuitika kwenyika.
Kusiyanisa Kuitwa Kwekutya Kupindura
Imwe mienzaniso yakakurumbira yekugadzirisa zviitiko zvekare ndeyekuedza kwaJohn B. Watson umo kutya kwekuita kwakagadziriswa mumukomana anozivikanwa se Little Albert. Mwana wacho pakutanga haana kuratidza kutya kwekondo chena, asi mushure mekunge purogiramu yacho yakabatanidzwa kakawanda nenzwi guru, rinotyisa, mwana aizodha kana kanga iripo. Kutya kwomwana kunowedzerawo kune zvimwe zvinhu zvakachena zvakachena.
Ngationgororei zvinhu zvekuongorora uku. Pamberi pemamiriro ezvinhu, ruvara rutsvuku rwakanga rusingaiti zvekutenderera. Izvo zvisingafungirwi zvinokonzerwa nezwi, inzwi rinoshungurudza uye kupindura kusingadikanwi kwaiva kupindura kwekutya kwakagadzirwa neruzha. Nokudzokorora kubatanidza rato nechisimba chisina kubvumirwa, chichena chichena (iko zvino chinokonzerwa nemamiriro ezvinhu) chakauya kuzobvisa kutya kwekutya (ikozvino kugadziriswa kwakaitwa).
Ichi chiitiko chinoratidzira kuti sei phobias inogona kuumba kuburikidza nekugadzirwa kwechikoro. Muzviitiko zvizhinji, kubatana kamwe chete kwekusarerekera kwekutakura (imbwa, somuenzaniso) uye ruzivo runotyisa (kurwa nembwa) rinogona kutungamirira kune chinogara chisingaperi (achitya imbwa).
Chikoro Chekugadzira Zvokudya Aversions
Chimwe chiitiko chechikoro chechimiro chinogona kuonekwa mukuvandudzirwa kwemaitiro akaoma maitiro. Vatsvakurudzi John Garcia naBob Koelling vakatanga kucherechedza ichi chiitiko apo vakaona kuti makonzo akange aonekwa nemhepo inokonzera kushungurudzika yakagadziriswa yakavhiringidza mvura yakasviba mushure memazuva uye mvura yakaiswa pamwe chete. Mumuenzaniso uyu, mashizha anomiririra kusagadziriswa kusinganzwisisiki uye kushungurudzika kunomiririra kupindurwa kusingabvumirwi. Mushure mekubatana kwemaviri aya, mvura yakasvibiswa ndiyo inokonzerwa nemamiriro ezvinhu, asi kushungurudza kwakaumbwa painobudiswa pamvura chete ndiyo mhinduro yakagadziriswa.
Gare gare kutsvakurudza kwakaratidza kuti zvakadai zvakagadziriswa zvakasununguka zvinogona kubudiswa kuburikidza nekutaurirana kumwechete kwechikonzero chekusimudzirwa uye kusagadziriswa kusingaiti. Vatsvakurudzi vakaonawo kuti kukanganisa kwakadaro kunogona kukura kana mamiriro ekusimudzirwa (mukana wezvokudya) anounzwa maawa akawanda zvisati zvaitika kusinganzwisisiki kunokonzera (kusuruvara-kunokonzera kukonzera).
Sei shamwari dzakadaro dzichikurumidza kukurumidza? Zviri pachena kuti kuumba ushamwari hwakadaro kunogona kuponesa kunobatsira kwechimiro. Kana mhuka inodya chimwe chinhu chinoita kuti chirwere, chinofanira kudzivisa kudya kudya kwakafanana mune ramangwana kudzivisa chirwere kana kunyange rufu. Uyu muenzaniso wakanaka weiwo unozivikanwa segadziriro yehupenyu . Dzimwe sangano dzinoumba nyore nyore nokuti dzinobatsira mukurarama.
Mune imwe nzvimbo yakakurumbira yemumunda, vatsvakurudzi vakatsvaira zvitunha zvemakwai nehupfu hunogona kuita kuti coyotes varware asi kwete kuvauraya. Chinangwa chaicho chaibatsira makwai echechechera kuderedza nhamba yemakwai yakarasikirwa nehoyote kuuraya. Haisi kungoedza chete kuburikidza nekuderedza nhamba yemakwai akaurawa, yakaitawo kuti mamwe emakwenzi awedzere kukuvadza kwakasimba kumakwai avo vaizotiza kubva kunhuhwirira kana kuona gwai.
Shoko Rinobva
Muzvokwadi, vanhu havaiti zvakananga sembwa dzaPavlov . Kune, zvisinei, zvisingaverengeki zvechokwadi-nyika yekushandiswa kwechikoro chechimiro. Somuenzaniso, vadzidzisi vakawanda vembwa vanoshandisa nzira dzekugadzirisa maitiro ekubatsira vanhu kudzidzisa zvipfuwo zvavo.
Aya maitiro anobatsirawo pakubatsira vanhu kutsungirira zvinetso zvebibias kana zvinetso. Vanachiremba vanogona, semuenzaniso, vachidzokorora chimwe chinhu chinokonzera kushungurudzika nemaitiro ekuzorora kuitira kuti tive nesangano.
Vadzidzisi vanokwanisa kushandisa classical conditioning mukirasi kuburikidza nekugadzira nzvimbo yakanaka yekudzidzira mudzidzi kubatsira vadzidzi kukurira kushushikana kana kutya. Kuita mamiriro ezvinhu anokonzera kuzvidya mwoyo, akadai sekuita pamberi peboka, nenzvimbo dzakanaka kunobatsira mudzidzi kudzidza masangano matsva. Panzvimbo yekufunga kuzvidya mwoyo uye kunetseka mumamiriro ezvinhu aya, mwana achadzidza kugara akasununguka uye akadzikama.
> Sources:
> Breedlove, SM. Nheyo dze Psychology. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2015.
> Nevid, JS.Psychology: Concepts uye Applications. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth; 2013.