Kunyatsoongorora Nyaya Yakakurumbira yaAlex Albert
I "Little Albert" yeruzivo yaiva yakakurumbira yekuongorora kwepfungwa yakatungamirirwa nomudzidzisi John B. Watson uye mudzidzi akapedza kudzidza Rosalie Rayner. Pamberi pacho, chirwere chemapurusi weRussia Ivan Pavlov akanga atanga kuedza kuenzanisira kugadzirisa chirwere mumbwa . Watson aifarira kutora tsvakurudzo yaPavlov inowedzera kuratidzira kuti kushushikana kwepfungwa kunogona kugadziriswa nevanhu.
Kunyatsoongorora
Mutevedzeri mukuedza kwaiva mwana uyo Watson naRayner vakadana "Albert B." asi anozivikanwa zvikuru nhasi se Little Little. Pakazosvika kwemakore gumi nematanhatu, Watson naRayner vakazarura mwana wacho kune mutsara wezvinyorwa zvinosanganisira chichena chena, mbira, monkey, masks, uye mapepanhau anopisa uye akacherechedza maitiro emukomana. Mukomana pakutanga haana kuratidza kutya kwezvinhu zvaakaratidzwa.
Nenguva inotevera Albert akazarurirwa pamba, Watson akaita ruzha rukuru nokurova pombi yesimbi nesundo. Nenzira, mwana wacho akatanga kuchema mushure mekunzwa ruzha rukuru. Mushure mekunge vachinge vachingoridza ruvara rutsvuku neruzha rukuru, Albert akatanga kuchema mushure mekunge aona tsati.
Watson naRayner vakanyora kuti:
"Pakarepo pata yakaratidzwa, mwana akatanga kuchema. Nenguva isipi akatendeukira kurudyi kuruboshwe, akawira pasi parutivi rwake rworuboshwe, akazvimutsa pamativi ose echina ndokutanga kumhanya achikurumidza zvokuti akabatwa nechinetso asati asvika kumucheto kwetafura. "
Zvinhu zveClassical Conditioning mu Little Albert Experiment
Iyo Little Albert kuedza kunopa uye muenzaniso wekuti zvii zvekugadzirisa zvinogona kushandiswa kugadzirisa mafungiro emanzwiro.
- Neutral Stimulus: Mucheka mutsvuku
- Kusagadziriswa Stimulus : Inzwi guru
- Kupindura kusina kukodzera : Kutya
- Simba Rakagadziriswa : Mucheka mutsvuku
- Mhinduro Yakaitwa : Kutya
Stimulus Generalization mu Little Albert Ongororo
Mukuwedzera pakuratidza kuti mhinduro dzemanzwiro dzinogona kugadziriswa nevanhu, Watson naRayner vakacherechedzawo kuti kukurudzira kuitika kwaitika. Mushure memamiriro ezvinhu, Albert akanga asingatyi chete chichena chena, asi zvimwe zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvakafanana nemachena. Kutya kwake kwaibatanidza zvimwe zvinhu zvesimbi, kusanganisira nguvo dzaRaynor dzomukati uye Watson akapfekedza ndebvu dzaSanta Claus.
Mitsoropodzi yeA Little Albert Ongororo
Kunyange zvazvo kuedza kune imwe yepfungwa yepamusoro pepfungwa uye inowanikwa munharaunda yega yega yepfungwa yekutanga yepfungwa, yakatsoropodzwa zvikuru kune zvikonzero zvakawanda. Chokutanga, kuenzanisa nekugadzirisa nekugadziriswa kwakanga kusina kunyatsogadzirwa. Watson naRayner havana kusimbisa chinhu chinoreva kuongorora maitiro aAlbert, pane kuvimba nemaonero avo pachake. Chechipiri, kuedza kunomutsawo hupenyu hwehutano hwakawanda. Iko Little Albert kuedza kwakange kusingagoni kuitwa nemazuva ano nokuti hazvingaiti zvakanaka.
Chii Chave Chakaitika Kumuduku Albert?
Mubvunzo wezvakaitika kuna Little Albert ndezvenguva yakave imwe yezvishamiso zvepfungwa. Watson naRayner havana kukwanisa kuedza kubvisa kutya kwemukomana uyu nokuti akafamba naamai vake nguva pfupi mushure mekuedzwa kwacho kwapera.
Vamwe vaifunga kuti mukomana ari kukura kuva murume ane mhuka dzisinganzwisisi dzezvitsvuku, zvinhu zvehururi.
Munguva pfupi, zvisinei, kuzivikanwa kwechokwadi nekuguma kwemukomana anozivikanwa se Little Little akawanikwa. Sezvakataurwa muAmerican Psychologist , kutsvaga kwegore rechinomwe kwakatungamirirwa nenyanzvi yezvepfungwa Hall P. Beck akatungamirira kusvika kuwanikwa. Mushure mekutarisa pasi uye kuwana kuongorora kwepakutanga uye kunyatsozivikanwa kwaamai vemukomana, zvakataurwa kuti Little Albert akanga ari mukomana ainzi Douglas Merritte.
Nyaya haina mhedzisiro inofadza, zvakadaro. Douglas akafa ava nemakore matanhatu musi waMay 10, 1925 we hydrocephalus, kuvaka-up rwemvura muuropi hwake.
"Kutsvakurudza kwedu kwemakore manomwe kwakange kwakareba kupfuura hupenyu hwomukomana," Beck akanyora nezvekuwanikwa.
Muna 2012, Beck naAlan J. Fridlund vakabudisa kuwanikwa kwavo kuti Douglas Merritte akanga asiri "ane hutano" uye "mwana" anorondedzerwa naWatson muchiedza chake cha1920. Pane kudaro, vakawana kuti Merritte akanga atambura ne hydrocephalus kubva pakuberekwa uye akapa humwe uchapupu hunogutsa hwokuti Watson aiziva nezvehutano hwemukomana uye nechinangwa chakanga achitaura zvakaipa nezvehutano hwomwana. Izvi zvakawanikwa kwete kungoita chete mumvuri pamusoro penhaka yaWatson, uyewo kuwedzera maitiro uye maitiro ezvidzidzo zvechiitiko ichi chinozivikanwa.
Muna 2014, kusahadzika kwakakandwa pamusoro peBeck naFridlund zvakawanikwa apo vatsvakurudzi vakapa uchapupu hwokuti mukomana ainzi William Barger ndiye ainzi Little Albert. Bhari akazvarwa musi iwoyo saMerritte kune mukoti wemvura aishanda kuchipatara chimwechete seamai vaMerritte. Apo zita rake rokutanga rainzi William, aizivikanwa hupenyu hwake hwose nezita rake raive pakati, Albert.
Kunyange zvazvo nyanzvi dzichiri kuramba dzichikakavadzana kunyatsozivikanwa kwemukomana ari pakati pekuedza kwaWatson, hapana mubvunzo kuti Little Albert akasiya pfungwa dzenguva dzose mumunda wepfungwa.
> Sources:
> Beck, HP, Levinson, S., & Irons, G. (2009). Kuwana muduku Albert: Rwendo kuenda ku laboratori yevana vaJohn B. Watson. Nyanzvi yepfungwa dzeAmerica, 2009; 64 (7): 605-614.
> Fridlund, AJ, Beck, HP, Goldie, WD, & Irons, G. Little Albert: Mwana ane utano hwehutano. Nhoroondo yePsychology. doi: 10.1037 / a0026720; 2012.
> Watson, John B. & Rayner, Rosalie. (1920). Zvakagadziriswa manzwiro evanhu. Zvinyorwa zveUongorori Pepychology, 3 , 1-14.