Ikumiridzirwa hutenderedzwa kunobata kutonga asi kunogona kukanganisa kukanganisa
Apo pavanotarisana nekusava nechokwadi pavanenge vachiedza kuita sarudzo, vanhu vanowanzovimba netsika yepfungwa dzinozivikanwa sekumiririra heuristic. Kunyange zvazvo iyo nzira shomanana inogona kukurumidza kuita sarudzo, inogonawo kutungamirira kusarudzo dzakashata uye zvisingaiti.
Nyatsotarisa kuti chii chinomiririra heuristic uye kuti chinoshanda sei.
Chii Chinonzi Heiristic Representativeness?
Apo patinenge taita zvisarudzo kana kutonga, tinowanzoshandisa zvishoma zvishoma zvepfungwa kana "mitemo yechigunwe" inozivikanwa seheuristics .
Pamusana pezvisarudzo zvose, hatisi nguva nguva dzose kana zvigadziro kuenzanisa mazano ose tisati taita sarudzo, saka tinoshandisa huuristics kutibatsira kuti tiite zvisarudzo nokukurumidza uye zvinobudirira. Dzimwe nguva zvidzitiro zvepfungwa zvinogona kubatsira, asi mune dzimwe nguva, zvinogona kutungamirira kumakanganisa kana kushaya pfungwa .
Ikumiriridza heuristic ndeyemhando yehutongi iyo yatinoshandisa pakuita kutonga. Muchienzaniso ichi, tinofungidzira kuitika kwechiitiko nekuchifananidza nacho chiratidziro chiripo chiripo kare mupfungwa dzedu. Muenzaniso wedu ndiyo yatinofunga kuti ndiyo yakakosha kana muenzaniso chaiwo weimwe chiitiko kana chimwe chinhu.
Muenzaniso Wekuti Unoshanda Sei
Ikumiriridza heuristic kwakatanga kurondedzerwa nevanodzidza nezvepfungwa Amosi Amos Tversky naDaniel Kahneman muma1970. Kufanana nedzimwe ruzivo rwekutengeserana, kutonga kutungamirirwa nekumiririra kunoshandiswa kushanda sechirongwa chekugadzirisa kwepfungwa, kutitendera kuita zvisarudzo nokukurumidza.
Zvisinei, inogonawo kutungamirira kumakanganisa.
Apo patinoita zvisarudzo zvinoenderana nekumiririra, tinogona kunge tichiita zvikanganiso zvakawanda nekufungidzira mukana wekuti chimwe chinhu chichaitika. Kungoita kuti chiitiko kana chinhu chinomiririra hazvirevi kuti chiitiko chacho chinonyanya kuitika.
Funga tsanangudzo inotevera:
Sarah anoda kuteerera New Age mumhanzi uye anoverenga akatendeka horoscope yake zuva rimwe nerimwe. Mune nguva yake yekusarura, anofarira aromatherapy uye kupinda kune imwe nzvimbo yekunamata.
Kubva pane tsanangudzo iri pamusoro apa, Sara angangodaro ave mudzidzisi wekuchikoro here kana kuti mushandi mukuru? Vanhu vazhinji vaizomuratidza semuposi wepasi rose zvichienderana nekumiririra. Anopindirana nemafungiro edu aripo ekuti mushandi wepasi rose angazvibata sei. Muzvokwadi, zvakanyanya kwazvo kuti Sara ari mudzidzisi wechikoro anongobva pangozi. Vadzidzisi vekuchikoro vanowanzowirirana kupfuura vanoporesa vose.
Classic Research
Mukuedza kwavo kwekare, Tversky naKahneman vakaratidza tsanangudzo inotevera kune boka revatori vechikamu:
"Tom W. ane unyanzvi hukuru, kunyange zvazvo asina simba muzvigadzirwa zvechokwadi.Aine chido chekuraira uye kujekesa, uye nokuda kwezvakanaka uye dzakasvibiswa nenzira iyo zvose zvinyorwa zvinowana nzvimbo yakakodzera.Kunyora kwake kunenge kusina kunaka uye kunyanzvi, dzimwe nguva kunogadziriswa Chimwe chinokonzerwa nechirwere uye nekupenya kwekufungidzira kwe sci-fi aina.Aine motokari yakasimba yeunyanzvi.Anoratidzika kunge anonzwa tsitsi shomanana kune vamwe vanhu uye haafariri kutaurirana nevamwe.Iye oga, iye ane tsika dzakadzika pfungwa. "
Vakatora chikamu vakagoverwa mumapoka matatu akasiyana uye boka rimwe nerimwe rakapiwa basa rakasiyana.
- Boka rokutanga rakabvunzwa kuti Tom akafanana sei kune imwe yepfumbamwe yakadzidza maoreji. Ruzhinji rwevatori vechikamu muboka iri vakatenda Tom ainyanya kufanana neunyanzvi makuru uye asingaenzaniswi nehutano hwezvesuzhinji.
- Vatori vechikamu muboka rechipiri vakabvunzwa kuti vaone kuti dai Tom aiva mumwe wevapfumbamwe vakuru. Izvo zviitiko zvakapiwa nevatori vechikamu muboka rechipiri zvakafanana zvikuru nemhinduro dzakapiwa nevaya vari muboka rokutanga.
- Muboka rechitatu, vatori vechikamu vakabvunzwa mubvunzo unopesana nekutaura kwaTom. Vakakumbirwa kuti vaenzanise kuti zviyero zvipi zvevadzidzi vekutanga vekudzidza vakapinda mune imwe neimwe yevapfumbamwe vakuru.
Zvakawanikwa nevatsvakurudzi ndezvokuti vanhu vainyanya kudavira kuti Tom aiva unyanzvi hukuru, pasinei nokuti pane nhamba shomanana yevashandi vekugadzira kuchikoro apo chidzidzo chacho chaitungamirirwa. Vanhu vangangodaro vaidavira kuti Tom akanga ari unyanzvi hukuru hunobva mukumiririra, kusazvidza mamwe mazano anokosha akadai sehamba duku yevanjiniya vadzidzi. Tsananguro yaTom yakafanana neyezvavaidavira kuti yakanga iri mumiririri weunyanzvi mukuru, saka kubatirana kwehutungamiri hwakatungamirira kuti vatonge pamusoro pezvinhu zvikuru zvaaizoita.
Mune Real-World
Ikumiriridza heuristic kunogona kuita basa guru muzvisarudzo zvehupenyu hwehupenyu hwechokwadi. Funga, somuenzaniso, kuti nhengo dzejeri dzinogona sei kugadzirisa mumiririri mhosva kana mhosva. Kana uyo akapomerwa achiita seanonzi jurors anofunga kuti mhombwe anofanira kutarisa sei, nekuvapo kwekutyisa, chiso chinotyisa, uye meso ane hasha, vangangodaro vanoona kuti munhu wacho ane mhosva ye mhosva yaanopomerwa.
Kuyera kwekutadza kunogonawo kunotarisa kuti kuparwa kwemhosva kunomiririra sei chimwe chechivi. Somuenzaniso, munhu anopomerwa kubhadhara mwana kuti awane rudzikinuro angave akakwanisa kuonekwa seine mhosva semunhu anenge atopomerwa kubata munhu mukuru pasina chekinuro. Kunyange zvazvo mhirizhonga yose inomiririra kubata, yekutanga ndiyo muenzaniso unomiririra nokuti inofanirana zviri nani nevanhu vakawanda vanofunga nezvevanonzwa shoko rokuti "kubata."
Iyi heuristic inogonawo kuita basa muongororo yatinoita pamusoro pevamwe vanhu. Tinowanzokudziridza pfungwa pamusoro pekuti vanhu mune mamwe mabasa vanofanira kuzvibata sei. Mumwe murimi, semuenzaniso, angaonekwa sekushanda-kushanda, kunze, uye kunetseka. Imwe nyanzvi yemabhuku, kune rumwe rutivi, inogona kuonekwa sekunyarara, kurongeka, uye kuchengetedzwa. Zvinonyatsoenderana nemunhu kuti apindire mune izvi zvimiridzo zvebasa rimwe nerimwe zvinokanganisa maonero edu ekuti zvinonzwisisika sei kuti vane chimwe chezviitiko.
Muzana ravo ra1944 bhuku rekutongwa pasi pekusaziva: Heuristics uye Biases , Tversky naKahneman vanotsanangura mumwe muenzaniso wekuti kusatidzira heuristic kunogona kukanganisa maonero edu evamwe vanhu. Vanotsanangura munhu anoonekwa seanonyara, achibviswa, anobatsira, asi kwete kunyanya kunetseka nenyika yenyika. Uyu munhu anotsanangurwa seanoshamwaridzana, munyoro, uye ane tsanangudzo nechishuvo chekuronga nekugadzirisa.
Kana iwe waifanira kutonga pamusoro pebasa ripi rinogona kunge rakabata munhu uyu, ndeupi waungasarudza: muridzi, mutengesi, mutyairi wengarava, muraibhurari, kana chiremba?
"Mukumiririra heuristic, mukana wokuti Steve ndiye mudzidzisi wekuraira, somuenzaniso, anoongororwa nechiyero chaanomiririra, kana chakafanana, chimiro chemuraibhurari," Tversky naKahneman vanotsanangura.
Shoko Rinobva
Ikumiriridza heuristic ingongova imwe chete nzira yekuchera mupfungwa inotitendera kuita zvisarudzo nokukurumidza mukutarisana nekusaziva. Kunyange zvazvo izvi zvingaita kuti tifunge nokukurumidza, zvinogona kutitungamirirawo kusava nehanya nezvinhu zvinoitawo basa mukuumba zviitiko. Nguva inotevera paunenge uchiedza kuita chisarudzo, funga nzira iyo mumiririri weheuristic angaita sei pakufunga kwako.
> Sources:
> Baumeister, RF & Bushman, B. Social Psychology, uye Human Nature. Belmont, CA: Wadworth, Cengage Kudzidza; 2014.
> Bernstein, D. Zviitiko zvePsychology. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, Cengage Kudzidza; 2014.