Vanhu vanonyatsomira kuti vaone kunaka kwepasi here? Vanhu vanogona sei kukurudzira vanhu kuti vave netsika dzakanaka? Pane chimwe chinhu chinogona kuitwa kuti chiunza rugare kune mapoka emakwikwi here? Nyanzvi dzezvemagariro evanhu vave vachigadzirisa mibvunzo yakaita seiyi kwemakumi emakore, uye zvimwe zvezviitiko zvekuedza kwavo zvingangokushamisa iwe.
1 - Robbers Cave Experiment
Sei kukakavara kunowanzoitika pakati pemapoka akasiyana? Maererano nenyanzvi yezvepfungwa Muzafer Sherif, kukakavadzana kwemasangano kunowanzosimuka kubva mukukwikwidzana kwezvinhu, zvinyorwa, uye rusaruro. Mukutsvaga kwakakakavadzana , vatsvakurudzi vakaisa vakomana 22 vari pakati pemakore 11 ne12 mumapoka maviri mumusasa muRobbers Cave Park mu Oklahoma. Vakomana vacho vakaparadzana mumapoka maviri uye vakapedza vhiki yekutanga yekuedza kushamwaridzana nemamwe maboka eboka.
Yakanga isiri kusvika chikamu chechipiri chekuedza kwakaitwa nevana kuti kune rimwe boka, panguva iyo vatsva vakaisa mapoka maviri mumakwikwi akasiyana nevamwe. Izvi zvakakonzera kukakavadzana kukuru, sezvo vakomana vacho vainyatsofarira nhengo dzeboka ravo pachavo pavakaparadzanisa nhengo dzeimwe boka. Muchikamu chokupedzisira, vatsvakurudzi vakaita mabasa avo aida kuti mapoka maviri ashande pamwe chete. Aya mabasa akagoverwa akabatsira vakomana kusvika pakuziva nhengo dzeimwe boka uye pakupedzisira vakaendesa kukanganisa pakati pevadzivisi.
2 - 'Violinist mu Metro' Ongororo
Muna 2007, ainzi violinist Josh Bell akange ari muimbi wemugwagwa pane imwe nzvimbo yakashambadzirwa ye Washington, DC. Bell yakanga ichangobva kutengesa koristi nekavhareji yekutengesa mutengo we $ 100 mumwe nomumwe. Ndiye mumwe wevanyori vanozivikanwa zvikuru munyika uye aive achitamba paine violin yakagadzirwa nemaoko inokosha kudarika $ 3.5 mamiriyoni. Asi vanhu vazhinji vakavhunduka munzira yavo vasina kumira kuti vateerere mimhanzi.
Apo vana vaiwanzomira kuti vateerere, vabereki vavo vaizovabata uye nekukurumidza kuvabatsiridza munzira yavo. Kuedza kwakamutsa mibvunzo inofarira pamusoro pekuti isu hatisi kungokoshesa runako asi kuti tinonyatsomira kuti tifunge mabasa anoshamisa ekunaka ari pedyo nesu.
3 - Chiedza chePiano Stairs
Ungaita sei kuti vanhu vachinje mararamiro avo ezuva nezuva uye vaite sarudzo dzakanaka? Mune rumwe ruzivo rwezvemagariro rwakabhadharwa neVolkswagen sechikamu cheMusangano Waro Wekuita Izvo, kuita kuti kunyange zviitiko zvakanyanya zvisinganakidze zvinogona kukurudzira vanhu kuchinja maitiro avo. Muchiedza, sarudzo yematanho yakashandurwa kuva giant working keyboard. Pamwe pedo nemasitepisi paiva nechemberi, saka vanhu vakakwanisa kusarudza pakati pekutora matanho kana kutora escalator.
Zvigumisiro zvakaratidza kuti 66 kubva muzana vanhu vakawanda vakatora masitepisi pane nzvimbo yekusimudzira, vachiratidza kuti kuwedzera chimwe chinhu chokuseka kunogona kukurudzira vanhu kuchinja maitiro avo uye kusarudza nzira yakanaka yehupenyu.
4 - Chirongwa cheMarshmallow Test
Munguva yekupera kwema1960 uye kutanga kwema1970, chiremba wezvepfungwa anonzi Walter Mischel akatungamirira mutsva yekuedza kuedza kunonoka kugutsikana. Mischel aifarira kudzidza kana kukwanisa kunonoka kugutsikana kunogona kunge kuri kutarisa kubudirira kwehupenyu hwomunguva yemberi. Muzviitiko izvi, vana vari pakati pemakore mana ne6 vakagadzirirwa muimba nekunyoreswa (kazhinji marashimlow kana cookie). Asati abva muimba, muedzo wacho akaudza mwana mumwe nomumwe kuti vaizogamuchira rwechipiri kurapwa kana kurapa kokutanga kwaive kuchiri patafura mushure maminitsi gumi nemashanu.
Zvidzidzo zvekutevera zvakapedzisira makore akazoona kuti vana vakakwanisa kunonoka kugutsikana zvakazoita zviri nani munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana, kusanganisira dzidzo. Vaya vakakwanisa kumirira maminetsi gumi nemashanu kuti wechipiri vateerere vaida kuva nezvikoro zvakakwirira zveSAT uye dzidzo dzakakwirira. Zvigumisiro zvinoratidza kuti kukwanisa uku kumirira kugutsikana hakusi kungoita unyanzvi hunokosha hwekubudirira asiwo chimwe chinhu chinoumba mangwanani uye chinopera muupenyu hwose.
5 - Mutsvina Wechikwata Chekuita
Kana iwe ukaona mumwe munhu ari mumatambudziko, iwe unofunga kuti iwe ungaedza kubatsira? Nyanzvi dzezvepfungwa dzakaona kuti mhinduro yemubvunzo uyu inonyanya kuenderana nenhamba yevamwe vanhu varipo. Isu tinowanzobetsera kubatsira apo isu tiri voga chapupu, asi zvishoma zvishoma kuti tibatsire ruoko kana isu tiri chikamu chevanhu.
Chiitiko chacho chakauya kune vanhu mushure mekuuraya kwechisimba kwemukadzi wechidiki anonzi Kitty Genovese . Apo vanhu vazhinji vanogona kunge vakaona kurwiswa kwayo, hakuna munhu akadana kubatsirwa kusvikira yainge ichinonoka. Iyi maitiro akaonekwa semuenzaniso weakamira , kana kukanganisa kwevanhu kutora matanho kana kune vamwe vanhu varipo.
Mune imwe yero yekuongorora, vatsvakurudzi vaive nekutora mukana kupinda muimba yekuzadza mibvunzo. Pakarepo, imba yacho yakatanga kuzadzwa neutsi. Mune zvimwe zviitiko mutori wacho aive oga, mune vamwe maiva nevatori vatatu vasingatarisiri muimba yacho, uye mumamiriro ekupedzisira pane mumwe mubatanidzwa uye vaviri vanobatana. Mune mamiriro ezvinhu anosanganisira vaviri vanobatanidza avo vakanga vari paya kuedza, vateereri ava havana kuchengeta utsi uye vakaramba vachizadza mabvunzo avo.
Apo vatori vechikamu vakanga vari voga, anenge anenge matatu kubva pavatatu vevadzidzi vakapinda muimba yacho zvinyararire kuti vataure utsi kune vatsvakurudzi. Mumamiriro ezvinhu nevatatu vatori vechikamu, zvishoma zvishoma pasi pe40% zvakashuma utsi. Mumamiriro ezvinhu ekupedzisira apo vatendi vaviri vaisakanganwa utsi, vatori vega 10 muzana yevatori vechikamu vakasara kuti vaudze utsi.
Kuedza iyi muenzaniso wakanaka wehuwandu hwevanhu vanovimba nemhinduro dzevamwe kuti vatungamirire zviito zvavo. Apo chimwe chinhu chiri kuitika, asi hapana anoita seanopindura, vanhu vanofarira kutora zvinyorwa zvavo kubva muboka uye vanofunga kuti mhinduro haifaniri kudiwa.
6 - Carlsberg Social Experiment
Wati wambonzwa sokuti vanhu vakakutonga iwe zvisina kururama kubva pane chitarisiko chako here? Kana kuti iwe wakambotora pfungwa isina kunaka yekutanga kune mumwe munhu zvichienderana nekuonekwa kwavakaita sei? Zvinosuruvarisa, vanhu vose vanokurumidzira kusimbisa zvisarudzo zvavo pamusana pekutonga kwakaitwa apo pavanosangana nevanhu. Izvi zvinoratidzika kubva pane zviri kunze kune dzimwe nguva zvinokonzera vanhu kutarira maitiro uye unhu huri mukati.
Mune imwe nzvimbo inonakidza yeruzhinji yeruzhinji, iyo yakatanga kuve sechishambadziro, vakaroorana vasingafungiri vakapinda mune imwe nzvimbo yefirimu yakazara. Zvose asi zvigaro zvechigaro makumi mashanu zvakange zvatozara. Zvinokanganisa ndezvokuti zvigaro zvakagara zvakagara-zvigarwa zvakatorwa neboka revarume vane mutsvuku uye vanotyisa.
Waizoita sei mumamiriro ezvinhu aya? Ungatora imwe yezvigaro zvigaro uye unakidzwa nefirimu, kana iwe unganzwa uchitya uye uchisiya? Muchiitiko chisina kuzivikanwa, havasi vose vakaroorana vakapedzisira vagamuchira chigaro, asi avo vakazopedzisira vakazopiwa cheers kubva kuvanhu vazhinji uye kumativi ose ehurukuro yaCarlsberg isingabhadharwi. Basa racho rakashanda semuenzaniso mukuru wekuti sei vanhu vasingafaniri kutonga bhuku nguva dzose nechokuvhara.
7 - Halo Effect Experiment
Mune imwe tsanangudzo yakatsanangurwa mupepanhau rakabudiswa muna 1920, nyanzvi yezvepfungwa Edward Thorndike akakumbira vakuru vakuru muuto kuti vape maitiro emhando dzakasiyana dzevasi vavo. Thorndike aifarira kudzidza kuti maonero ehumwe hutano, hwakadai sekuchenjera, akafuridzirwa pamusoro pemafungiro ehumwe unhu hweunhu, hwakadai sehutungamiri, kuvimbika, nekuvimbika.
Thorndike akawana kuti kana vanhu vane chimiro chakanaka chechimwe chinhu, manzwiro akanaka aya anowanzokonzera maonero emamwe maitiro. Semuenzaniso, kufunga kuti mumwe munhu anokwezva kunogona kuita kuti hulo huvepo hunoita kuti vanhu vatendewo kuti munhu ane mutsa, akachenjera, uye anonakidza. Mhedzisiro yakasiyana nayo ndeyechokwadi. Manzwiro asina kunaka pamusoro pehumwe unhu hunoita kuti tisaona zvakaipa pane zvimwe zvinhu.
8 - Kuongorora kwenhema kuongorora
Munguva yekupera kwema1970, muongorori Lee Ross kune vaaishanda navo vakaita mamwe mazano ekutanga. Mune kumwe kuedza, vatsvakurudzi vaiva nevatori vechikamu vachisarudza nzira yekupindura kumhirizhonga inofungidzirwa vozofungidzira kuti vangani vanhu vangasarudzawo sarudzo imwe chete. Vakaona kuti hazvina mhosva kuti vaipindura vakasarudza, vaitenda kuti vazhinji vevamwe vanhu vangasarudzawo zvimwechetezvo.
Mune imwe dzidzo, vaongorori vakakumbira vadzidzi pamusasa kuti vafambe vachitakura chikwangwani chikuru chinoti "Kudya paJoe's." Vatsvakurudzi vakabva vabvunza vadzidzi kuti vaone kuti vangani vamwe vanhu vanobvumirana kupfeka chiziviso. Vakawana kuti avo vakabvuma kutakura chiratidzo vakafunga kuti vazhinji vevanhu vaibvumiranawo kutakura chiratidzo. Avo vakaramba vakanzwa kuti vazhinji vevanhu vangaramba zvakare.
Migumisiro yezviongorori izvi zvinoratidza izvo zvinozivikanwa mune zvepfungwa sezvinonyanya kubvumirana . Hazvinei kuti chii chatinotenda, zvisarudzo, kana maitiro, tinowanzotenda kuti vazhinji vevanhu vanobvumirana nesu uye vanoita nenzira imwecheteyo yatinoita.
Shoko Rinobva
Maitiro ehupfumi hwevanhu mune ruzivo rwune ruzivo rwakasiyana-siyana runopa ruzivo runonakidza kuti vanhu vanozvibata sei mumapoka uye kuti maitiro anokonzerwa sei nezvinetso zvevanhu. Kutsvaga zvimwe zvezvikoro zvekare zvepabonde zvinogona kupa maonero pane zvimwe zvekutsvakurudza kunonakidza kwakabuda kubva munharaunda iyi yekudzidza.
> Sources:
> Latane, B, & Darley, JM. Gira Uchidzivirirwa weVokupindira Mumiririri Mune Dambudziko. Zvinyorwa zveMunhu & Social Psychology. 1968; 10 (3): 215-221.
> Ross, L, Greene, D, & House, P. "Kuwirirana kwechokwadi": Inofanirwa kutarisana nemafungiro evanhu pamwe nekugadzirisa maitiro. Zvinyorwa zveUongorori hweHindu Psychology. 1977; 13 (3): 279-301.