Mamiriyoni Anogona Kurambidzwa Kubva Mumasasa Okugadzirira Pamusoro Pekuremara Kwepfungwa
Kunyange sezvo vakuru vakuru vehurumende vanoshushikana pamusoro pevhoti yekuvhota, pasi rose kubva kune mazana mashanu kusvika kune 1 250 000 vanhu vangarambidzwa kubva kumatumba ekuvhota kuuya nguva yechisarudzo. Vanhu ava vanomirira vagari vese, vagari vanochengeta mutemo veUnited States. Vakawanda vatotonyora kubhadhara, asi mitemo yehurumende inodzivisa kuti vasarudze. Mhosva yavo: vanotambura kubva mukuremara kwepfungwa kunovaisa pasi pekuchengetedza mupfungwa.
"Pakati pemakumi mashanu aya ari munyika yedu, 44 ine mitemo yepamutemo yepamutemo uye mitemo inogadzirisa vanhu nemanzwiro kana kushaya njere kubva pakuvhota," akadaro Kay Schriner, mumwe anotsvakurudza paFulbright Institute of International Relations. "Mumwe chete weboka reAmerica anotarisana nekusadzingiswa kwakadaro anokwidzwa nemagetsi."
Schriner uye pamwe chete naye Lisa Ochs, mupurofesa mubatsiri wekupa mazano uye mazano epfungwa paA Arkansas State University, vakapa makore ekuzivisa mitemo yakadaro mumatunhu ehurumende uye kutarisa kushanduka kwezvinhu uye nemigumisiro yemitemo iyi munhoroondo yose.
Basa ravo rezvino rakabhadharwa neNational Institute on Disability and Rehabilitation Research, kupatsanurwa kweDhipatimendi reUnited States reUnited States. Mukuwedzera, kutsvakurudza kwave kushandiswa pakugadzirisa kwemukati maAmicus yakaiswa kuDare Repamusorosoro reUnited States pachiitiko cheUniversity of Alabama v. Patricia Garrett.
Constitutions Constance State
Maererano nekutsvakurudza kwaSchriner, tsika yekudzora kodzero dzekuvhota kwevanhu vane hutano hwepfungwa dzakatanga nematunhu ekutanga enyika, yakanyorwa uye yakagamuchirwa muma 1700s. Vanyori vezvematongerwe enyika vekuAmerica vakafunga kuti kusaisa "mhirizhonga uye unyengeri" kwaizoita kuti vanhu vekuvhota vagare chete vevaya vanogona kuita ruzivo uye vakachenjera mune zvematongerwo enyika.
Asi sezvo maonero ehutano uye ehutano hwekuremara kwepfungwa akaenderera mberi kuchinjwa, mitemo iyi yokuregeresa haina kuchinjwa kana kubviswa. Ichokwadi, inotaura yakaramba ichinyora mukunyora nekugadzirisa masangano avo kuisa mitemo yakadaro kusvika kuma19959.
"Kutaura nemafungiro emitemo iyi ndeyekuchengetedza mafungiro emakore ekuma18 ne1900 pamusoro pekuremara mupfungwa," Schriner akati. "Asi chokwadi chokuti Missouri yakagamuchira mutemo wavo wekusadzingiswa muna 1945 uye kuti Alaska yakabatana kubatana nemumwe muna 1959 zvinoreva izvi hazvisi kungoitika muzana remakore rechi18."
Mumakore achangopfuura, nyika dzakawanda dzakatarisana ne referenda kubvisa mitemo kubva kumitemo yavo. Asi kusiyana nemimwe mitemo yemamiriro ehurumende - iyo inowanzobviswa nenzira iyi - mitemo yekusadzingiswa kakawanda yakatsigirwa.
Imwe yezvinetso zvikuru nemitemo iyi inogona kunge iri mazwi avo ekare. Kunyange zvazvo zvakagadzirirwa kudzivirira matambudziko anokonzera zvirwere zvepfungwa, mune dzimwe nyika, mitemo ine vanhu vakadzingwa pasi pekuchengetedzwa kwekuora mwoyo kana kuti bipolar disorder . Kunyange zvazvo mitemo iyi inogona kukonzera matambudziko evanhu uye emagariro evanhu, kazhinji haatadzi kukwanisa komunhu kunzwisisa nyaya dzakaoma kana kuita zvisarudzo zvine musoro.
Uyezve, zvinetso zvakadaro zvinowanzotungamirirwa kuburikidza nemishonga.
Maererano naSchriner, kusazvidzivirira hakusi kungozvidza vanhu ava kodzero yekuvhota asiwo kunomiririra chiito chekusarura kunobva pane tsika dzisina kumboitika uye mafungiro asina kururama. "Iyi mitemo inotora rusaruro hwakaipa hwemagariro evanhu uye inoisimbisa mumutemo," akadaro.
Zvinosuruvarisa, mhedzisiro yakaipisisa yemitemo yekusadzingirira haisi yekushorwa kwavanoita kune vanhu vane zvirwere zvepfungwa, asi chokwadi chokuti vanodzivirira vanhu ivavo kuti vave nezwi mune zvematongerwo enyika. Mumamiriro ezvinhu akaipisisa, chero bedzi iyo inorambidza kuvhiringidzwa kwepfungwa kubva mukuvhota, vezvematongerwo enyika uye mapato achaona zvishoma kudzvinyirira kugadzirisa nyaya dzinofadza vanhu ava.
Tarisiro yeHamangwana
Schriner anonzwa rudzi rwacho rwuchifamba munguva yakaoma apo nharo dzekuremara ikozvino dzinosimudzirwa kuvanhu uye vezvematongerwo enyika. Sezvo nyaya idzi dzichiuya pachena, zvinowedzera kukosha kuti vanhu vane hurema - zvose mumuviri nepfungwa-vabvumirwe kubatanidzwa mukugadzirwa kwemitemo inovhiringidza.
Panzvimbo pokuita sarura kusarurwa kune vanhu vane zvirwere zvepfungwa, Schriner inoratidza kuti inotaura hutano humwe humwe hutano hwehutano husati hwadzivisa munhu kubva pane sarudzo. Asi kunyange izvi zvinogona kukonzera kuzvinyadzisa uye kunogona kuonekwa senzira yekusarura, Schriner akati.
Chigadziriswe chiri nani ndechokurasa kunze mitemo yekusadzingiswa zvachose uye kutevera mutemo umwe chete wakajeka: kana munhu aigona kuzadza kadhi rekubhadhadza, munhu iyeye anofanira kuonekwa seanogona kukotora.
"Mumwe munhu ari muhutano hwema psychotic haagone kugara pasi uye kubhadhare kuti vhoti kana kushanyira nzvimbo yavo yekuvhotera," akadaro Schriner. "Hazvina maturo kunyange kuzvidya mwoyo pamusoro pazvo, rega kutora mutemo kuti uzvidzivirire." - Yunivhesiti yeA Arkansas yakasunungurwa