Mune mitsara, samuenzaniso inomutsetse wehuwandu hunoshandiswa kumiririra boka rese sehuse. Paunenge uchitsvakurudza, kazhinji hazvikwanisi kuongorora nhengo yese yehuwandu hwevanhu nokuti nhamba yakawanda yevanhu yakakura zvikuru. Kuita zvinyorwa pamusoro pehupenyu hwehuwandu hwevanhu, vatsvakurudzi vanogona kushandisa sarudzo dzisina kuitika .
Sei Vanotsvakurudza Vanoshandisa Sampuli?
Apo kutsvakurudza chimwe chinhu chepfungwa dzevanhu kana mufambiro , vatsvakurudzi havakwanisi kuunganidza dhiyabhorosi kubva kune mumwe munhu mumwechete mune dzimwe nguva. Pane kudaro, vanosarudza soro duku yevanhu vanomiririra boka guru. Kana sarudzo inomirira zvechokwadi vanhu vari mubvunzo, vatsvakurudzi vanogona kutora mhinduro dzavo vozviita zvakare kuboka guru.
Mhando dzeSampling
Mukutsvakurudza kwepfungwa uye mamwe marudzi ekutsvakurudza kwevanhu, vanoongorora vanovimba netsika dzakasiyana-siyana.
1. Zvichida Sampling
Zvichida sampling zvinoreva kuti munhu mumwe nomumwe muvanhu anomira uye mukana wakaenzana wekusarudzwa. Nokuti zvichida sampling inosanganisira kusarudzwa kusarudzo, inotsigira kuti shanduko yakasiyana yevanhu vane mukana wakaenzana wekumiririrwa muzaniso. Izvi zvinoita kuti zvigone kusarura vamiririri vakawanda, uye vatsvakurudzi vanokwanisa kukwanisa kugovera zvibereko zvavo kune boka rose.
Iko kune maitiro mashomanana akasiyana ezvimwe zvingangodaro:
- Shanduro dzisinganzwisisiki dzakasarudzwa ndeyokuti, sezvinonzi zita rinoratidzira, rudzi rwakarongeka rwezvingaitika sampling. Vanotsvakurudza vanotora munhu wese muhuwandu uye pasina nguva vanosarudza muenzaniso wavo, kazhinji vachishandisa imwe mhando yekombiyuta chirongwa kana randomero nhamba generator.
- Stratified random sampling inosanganisira kuparadzanisa huwandu muzvikamu zvepamusoro uye zvadaro kutora shanduro iri nyore kubva kune imwe neimwe yezvikamu izvi. Somuenzaniso, tsvakurudzo inogona kuparadzanisa huwandu kusvika muzvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana zvichienderana nehutano, zvepabonde, kana yezera uye zvadaro kutora sarudzo iri nyore pane imwe neimwe yemapoka aya. Stratified random sampling inowanzopa huwandu hunonyatsoruramisa kupfuura shanduro dzisinganzwisisiki uye dzinobatsira kuona kuti mamwe mapoka anonyatsomiririrwa muzaniso.
- Cluster sampling inosanganisira kuparadzanisa huwandu kuva masumbu maduku, kazhinji zvichibva pane nzvimbo kana nzvimbo. Muenzaniso wekusarura wemasumbu aya unobva wasarudzwa uye zvose zvidzidzo zviri mukati memusumbu zvakaenzaniswa. Somuenzaniso, fungidzira uri kuedza kuita chidzidzo chevakuru vekuchikoro munharaunda yako. Kuunganidza dhiyabhorosi kubva kune imwe neimwe chikoro chechikoro kungave mari-inorambidza uye nguva inopedza. Uchishandisa samasera sampling nzira, iwe kamwechete sarudza maguta mashanu kubva munharaunda yako uye unounganidza dhamoni kubva munyaya imwe neimwe mumatare mashanu aya.
2. Kusabvumirana Sampling
Izvo zvisingaiti-sampling sampling, kune rumwe rutivi, zvinosanganisira kusarudza vatori vechikamu vachishandisa nzira dzisingapa munhu mumwe nomumwe muhumwe mukana wakaenzana wekusarudzwa.
Imwe dambudziko nemhando iyi yomuenzaniso ndeyekuti vanozvipira vangave vakasiyana pane zvimwe zvipimo pane vasiri vazvipiri, izvo zvinogona kuita kuti zvive nyore kuunza zviwanikwa kune vose vagari.
Kunewo maitiro maviri akasiyana-siyana eusprobability sampling:
- Kunzwa shanduro kunosanganisira kushandisa vatori vechikamu mune chidzidzo nokuti vari nyore uye varipo. Kana iwe wose wakazvipira kune unyanzvi hwepfungwa yakagadzirwa kuburikidza nedhipatimendi rako reyunivhesiti rezvepfungwa, iwe wakabatanidzwa mune chidzidzo chaive chichitenderera pane shanduro yakanaka. Zvidzidzo zvinotenderera pakukumbira vazvipiri kana kushandisa sermin samples izvo zvinowanikwa kune mutsvaga zvakare mienzaniso yezvidzidzo zviri nyore.
- Simba rekutsvaga rinosanganisira kutsvaga kune vanhu vanozadzisa zvimwe zviyero. Semuenzaniso, vatengesi vangave vachifarira kudzidza kuti zvigadzirwa zvavo zvakaonekwa sei nevakadzi pakati pezera remakore 18 ne35. Vanogona kukwereta kutsvakurudza kwemashamba kuti vaite nhaurirano dzefoni dzinoedza kutsvaga uye dzinobvunzurudza vakadzi vanozadzisa mazera avo.
- Quota sampling inosanganisira kuenzanisira shanduro imwe nhamba yeboka revanhu mukati mevanhu. Somuenzaniso, vatori vezvematongerwe enyika vangave vachifarira kutsvakurudza maonero evanhu pane imwe nyaya yezvematongerwe enyika. Kana vakashandisa shanduro isinganzwisisiki, vangave vachinge vasisina zvimwe zvikamu zvevanhu zvichiitika. Panzvimbo pezvo, vanosimbisa zviyero izvo imwe chikamu chemuenzaniso inofanira kusanganisira aya masangano. Kunyange zvazvo sarudzo inoguma ingave isina kunyanya kuenzanisa zviyero zvakakwana izvo zviripo muhuwandu, kuva nechikamu chinoita kuti zvikamu zviduku izvi zvimirire.
Dzidza zvakawanda nezvedzimwe nzira dzokuti mikana uye zvisizvo zvisingabatsiri zvakasiyana.
Sampling Errors
Nokuti sampuli nenzira yemutemo haigone kuisa munhu mumwe nomumwe muvanhu, zvikanganiso zvinogona kuitika. Kusiyanisa pakati pezviripo muhuwandu uye izvo zviripo mumuenzaniso zvinonzi sampling zvikanganiso .
Kunyange zvazvo zvisingaiti kuziva zvakajeka kuti musiyano mukuru pakati pehuwandu hwevanhu uye samuenzaniso ungave sei, vatsvakurudzi vanogona kuverenga kuwanda kwehukuru hwezvikanganiso zvemuenzaniso. Mukusarudzo dzezvematongerwe enyika, somuenzaniso, iwe unogona kazhinji kunzwa nezvemucheto wezvikanganiso zvinoratidzwa nechivimbo chezvikamu.
Pakati pese, iyo yakakura muenzaniso inokura zvishoma kudarika kwekanganiso. Izvi zvinongoitika nokuti sezvo muenzaniso unowedzera kusvika pakukura kwehuwandu hwehuwandu huwandu hwevanhu, zvinowanzove kuti kunyatsotora zvinhu zvose zvehuwandu hwevanhu. Nzira chete yekubvisa zvachose sampling kukanganisa ndeyekuunganidza dunhu kubva kuvanhu vose, iro rinowanzova mari yakawanda-inorambidza uye nguva inopedza. Sampling zvikanganiso zvinogona kuderedzwa, zvisinei, kuburikidza nokushandisa randomized probability kuongorora uye ukuru hwekuenzanisa soro.
References:
Goodwin, CJ (2010). Kutsvakurudza Muna Psychology: Nzira uye Chigadzirwa. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley nevanakomana.
Nicholas, L. (2008). Nhanganyaya yePychology. UCT Press: Cape Town.