Kuongorora maitiro kunobva mumitemo yekudzidzira uye kunoshandisa mitemo yekudzidza kuunza kuchinja kwetsika. Mamwe mashizha epfungwa anoedza kunzwisisa zvinonzwisisika zvese, asi maitiro ezvepfungwa haatauri nezvinokonzera maitiro zvekuita uye panzvimbo pacho anonyanya kufunga nezvehutano pachahwo.
Kuongorora maitiro kune maitiro akasimba ekushandiswa kwehutano hwepfungwa uye sangano rezvepfungwa, kunyanya kana paine pfungwa yekubatsira vana nevakuru kudzidza maitiro matsva kana kuderedza kusazvibata kwezvinetso.
Kuongorora maitiro kunowanzoshandiswa pakuvaka mano muvana uye vanhu vakuru vane hurema, kuwedzera unyanzvi hwokudzidzira muzvidzidzo zvechikoro, nekuwedzera kushanda kwebasa.
Maitiro Ekuongorora Kunotsanangurwa
Kuongorora mafungiro isayenzi inobva pane nheyo nemitemo yekuzvibata . Kurambidza 25 kweAmerica Psychological Division yakagadzirirwa munzvimbo yekuongorora maitiro.
Maererano neChikamu 25, chokwadi chokuti kuongorora kwehutano kunotarisa pamitemo sechinhu chinoita kuti chive chakasiyana. Iyo diki inotsanangura zvakare kuti kuongorora kwekuita kunogona kuitika nenzira nhatu dzakasiyana.
- Chokutanga, kuburikidza nekuongorora kwekuita kwehutsika.
- Chechipiri, kuburikidza nekushandiswa kwetsika yekuongorora. Izvi zvinosanganisira kutora izvo vatsvakurudzi vanoziva pamusoro pemafambiro uye kuishandisa mumunhu mumwe nomumwe, mune zvemagariro, uye mutsika mumamiriro ezvinhu.
- Pakupedzisira, kuburikidza nedzidziso yekuongorora maitiro. Maererano neChikamu 25, izvi zvinosangana nefilosofi, nhoroondo, nheyo uye nzira dzekugadzirisa muhutano hwekuita.
Ongororo uye Applied Behavior Analysis
Kune zvikamu zviviri zvakakosha zvekuongorora maitiro: kuedza uye kushandiswa.
- Kuongorora maitiro ekuongorora kunosanganisira kutsvakurudza kwekutanga kunogadzirirwa kuwedzera mumuviri wezivo pamusoro pekuita.
- Kushandisa maitiro ekuongorora , kune rumwe rutivi, kunonyanya kushandiswa pakushandisa maitiro emitemo kune zvechokwadi-nyika mamiriro ezvinhu.
Avo vanoshanda mumunda wekushandiswa kwekuita maitiro vanofarira mafambiro uye ukama hwavo nemhepo. Panzvimbo pokuisa pfungwa mukati memamiriro ekunze, ABA vanachiremba vanoisa pfungwa pamagariro anocherechedza uye vanoshandisa nzira dzekuita kuti vauye nehutsika hwekuchinja.
Maererano neBehavior Analyst Certification Board:
"Unyanzvi hwekushandiswa kwehutano hunosanganisira kushandiswa kwakananga uye kwakakwana kwemitemo yekudzidza, kusanganisira kudzidzira uye kugadzirisa kudzidza, kuitira kuti tigadzirise zvido zvekuita zvevanhu vakasiyana-siyana vari mumamiriro akasiyana-siyana. Mienzaniso yezvikuita izvi inosanganisira: kuvaka unyanzvi uye kubudirira kwe vana kuchikoro chekuchikoro; kusimbisa kukura, mano, uye kusarudzwa kwevana uye vanhu vakuru vane marudzi akasiyana-siyana ekuremara; uye kuwedzera kushanda nekugutsikana kwevashandi mumasangano nemabhizimisi. "
Nhoroondo yeKuongorora Maitiro
Kuzvibata kwakanyanya kwakagadzirwa kuburikidza nebasa rakakosha revatatu vatori:
Pavlov akawana chimiro chisingafadzi panguva yekudzidza kwake nembwa, kusimbisa classical conditioning semhando yekudzidza. Kutsvakurudza kwake kwakaratidza kuti kushandiswa kwezvakatipoteredza (kureva kuridza bhero) kunogona kushandiswa kukurudzira mamiriro ezvinhu akadai (kureva kupera pamusana webheriri rinonzwika).
John B. Watson akawedzera pfungwa yaPavlov kushandiswa kune hutsika hwevanhu, kubudisa shanduro yake inoshandiswa mupfungwa Psychology seBhehaviorist View It muna 1913 uye kusimbisa hutsika sechikoro chikuru chekufunga.
BF Skinner akazoudza chirevo chekushanda kwemamiriro ezvinhu umo kusimbiswa kunotungamirira kune unhu hunodiwa. Aya mazano anoenderera mberi kutamba mitoro inobatsira mukuongorora maitiro, maitiro ekuchinja, uye psychotherapy.
Kuzvibata kwaimbova chikoro chakakurumbira chepfungwa mukati mepfungwa, kunyange zvazvo kutonga kwacho kwakatanga kuderera mukati me1950 sezvo magwepistori akawedzera kufarira nzira dzevanhu uye dzinoziva.
Zvisinei, maitiro ehutano achiri kushandiswa zvakanyanya nhasi mune zvepfungwa, mazano, dzidzo, uye kunyange mukurera vana.
Nzira uye nzira dzekushandisa dzinoshandiswa mune maitiro ekuongorora
Zvimwe zvehutano hunoshandiswa nemaitiro ekuongorora vanosanganisira:
- Chaining : Iyi nzira yekuita nayo inosanganisira kuputsa basa kusvika muzvikamu zviduku. Basa rakakosha kana rokutanga mubasa rinodzidziswa kutanga. Kana basa iroro rave radzidza, basa rinotevera rinogona kudzidziswa. Izvi zvinopfuurira kusvikira kusangana kwose kwakasungirirwa pamwe chete.
- Kukurudzira: Iyi nzira inosanganisira kushandisa imwe mhando yekukurumidza kutora mhinduro yaunoda. Izvi zvinogona kusanganisira nyaya yekutaura kwemashoko, zvakadai sekuudza munhu zvaanofanira kuita, kana kuonekwa, sekuratidzira mufananidzo wakagadzirirwa kutora mhinduro.
- Kugadzira: Iri sarudzo rinobatanidza zvishoma nezvishoma kuchinja maitiro, kupa mubairo pedyo uye pedyo nekuenzanisira kwehupenyu hunoda.
Applications of Behavior Analysis
Kuongorora mafambiro kwakaratidzwa kuva ruzivo rwakanyanya ruzivo rwekudzidza kubatsira vana vane autism kana kukurumidza kunonoka kukura nekuwana uye kuchengeta unyanzvi hutsva. Aya marapirwo anosanganisira Lovaas Method uye ABA (kushandisa maitiro ekuongorora) uye kushandisa nzira dzakadai sedare rekudzidzira kuedza. Zvinonyanya kukosha zvekuita mishonga zvinowanzogadziriswa kushandiswa muzvigadzidzo zvezvidzidzo, kubasa, nekuchengetwa kwevana.