Puroferensi inotungamira kana mabhasi yakashandiswa ne "phrenologist" kuita "skull readings" iyo inonzi yakaratidza ruzivo nezveunhu hweunhu uye mafungiro.
Nhoroondo Pfupfupi yeFrenology
Munguva yekupera kwema1700, chiremba anodana Frances Gall akarayira kuti matambudziko pamusoro wemunhu angave akabatanidzwa nehutano hwavo uye unhu hwavo.
Kunyange zvazvo izvi zvino zvaonekwa zvakakwana sepseudoscience, frenology zvechokwadi yakava yakakurumbira kwenguva.
Mune shanduro yeWebster's Dictionary yakanyorwa mundima ya1900, phrenology yakatsanangurwa se:
"1. Sayenzi yemabasa anokosha ezvikamu zvakasiyana zvehuropi, kana kuti inofungidzirwa kuwirirana pakati pezvipo zvepfungwa uye nhengo dziri muuropi.
2. Mafungiro ezvepfungwa kuti masimba epfungwa, uye unhu hwemhando, zvinoratidzwa pamusoro wemusoro kana bhehenya; craniology. "
Icho chinonzi frenology musoro chinoratidzwa pamusoro apa chinoratidza huwandu hwezvikamu zvakasiyana zvehuropi zvakabatanidzwa kune humwe unhu hunhu. Mune mienzaniso yakawanda yezvinyorwa zvekunyengedzera, paive nemapoka 35 akasiyana edzimusoro, ayo akabatanidzwa kune mazano akanyorwa pasi apa:
- Amativeness
- Philoprogenitiveness
- Conentrativeness; kukanganisa
- Kutsigira
- Combativeness
- Kuparadza
- Secretiveness
- Acquisitiveness
- Constructiveness
- Kuzvitemba
- Rudo rweKubvumira
- Kuchenjerera
- Benevolence
- Kukudza
- Kusimba
- Kuchengeta
- Hope
- Wonder
- Ideality
- Wit
- Kunyengera
- Unhu
- Fomu
- Size
- Weight
- Coloring
- Local
- Nhamba
- Raira
- Eventuality
- Nguva
- Tune
- Mutauro
- Kuenzanisa
- Causality
Nzira yeHinrenti Yokuverenga Yakashanda sei
Panguva yechehenya kuverenga, a phrenologist anganyatsonzwa manzwiro omumwe wega uye kunyora zvinyoronyoro uye zvinyorwa.
Iko phrenologist yaizofananidza zviwanikwa izvi kune zvekunyengedzera kwenzira kuitira kuti aone kuti chii chepamusoro bhehenya chaifanira kutaura pamusoro pemaitiro evanhu, mafambiro, uye maitiro.
Zviri pachena, nepo kuperesa kwepamusoro uye machati kunogona kuva nzira inofadza uye inofadza yekuona chitsauko chinonyanya kufadza munhau yepfungwa , haisi chinhu chinofanira kutorwa zvakanyanyisa.
Masayendisiti akaratidza kushandiswa kwepamusoro-soro pakati pemakore ekuma1800, kunyange zvazvo kuverenga kwekunyorwa kwepamusoro kwakaramba kuchiine nguva dzekuzivikanwa munguva yekupera kwema1800 uye kutanga kwema1900. Kunyange zvazvo frenology yakazopedzisira yakaratidzwa kuva pseudoscience, pfungwa yokuti mamwe maitiro angave akabatanidzwa kune dzimwe nzvimbo dzouropi dzakange dzine simba kune munharaunda yeurourology uye kuongorora kunzvimbo dzehuropi hunoita.
Nhasi, kufungidzira kunoonekwa sepseudoscience pamwe chete nemiganhu yekuverenga uye kuongorora nyeredzi.