Kubva kuFifilosocial Beginnings kusvika kuZuva reNhasi
Kunyange zvazvo psychology yezuva ranhasi ichiratidza chirevo chepfuma yakawanda uye yakasiyana-siyana, mhedzisiro yepfungwai yakasiyana zvakanyanya kubva pamagariro ezuva ranhasi emunda. Kuti uwane ruzivo rwakakwana rwepfungwa, iwe unoda kupedza nguva yakati uchitarisisa nhoroondo yaro uye mavambo. Kuongorora kwepfungwa kwakatanga sei? Rakatanga rini? Ndivanaani vaiva vanhu vane basa rekugadza pfungwa dzepfungwa semasayeri akasiyana?
Nei Uchifanira Kudzidza Psychology History?
Mazuva ano psychology inofarira nenyaya dzakasiyana-siyana dzekutarisa, kutarisa pamabatiro evanhu nemafungiro emagariro kubva muhutano hwemhando yehutano kusvika kumatsika. Nyanzvi dzepfungwa dzinodzidza nyaya dzevanhu dzinotangira asati aberekwa nekupfuurira kusvika pakufa. Nokunzwisisa nhoroondo yepfungwa, iwe unogona kuwana kunzwisisa zviri nani kuti nyaya idzi dzakadzidzwa sei uye zvatakadzidza kusvika ikozvino.
Kubvira pakutanga kwaro, psychology yakatarisana nemibvunzo yakawanda. Mubvunzo wokutanga wekutsanangura mafirogiramu akabatsira kusimbisa se sainzi yakasiyana nemafanamiro nefilosofi.
Mibvunzo yokuwedzera iyo vanachiremba vezvepfungwa vakatarisana munhoroondo yose inosanganisira:
- Ndezvipi nyaya uye nyaya dzinofanira kufungisisa nezvepfungwa?
- Ndeipi nzira dzekutsvakurudza dzinofanira kushandiswa pakudzidza mafirology?
- Ko magweta emagariro anofanira kushandisa tsvakurudzo kuti atungamirire chinangwa chevanhu, dzidzo, nezvimwe zvinhu zvekuita kwevanhu here?
- Inyanzvi yepfungwa ndeye sayenzi here?
- Ko pfungwa dzepfungwa dzinofanira kuisa pfungwa pamitambo inoonekwa, kana kuti mukati memangariro emukati?
Mavambo ePychology: Philosophy uye Physiology
Kunyange zvazvo pfungwa dzepfungwa dzisina kubuda sedzidziso dzakasiyana kusvikira kuma1800s, iyo yekare kare inogona kuteverwa kumashure munguva yevaGiriki vekutanga.
Munguva yezana remakore rechi17, muzivi wechiFrance Rene Descartes akabudisa pfungwa yehupenzi, iyo yakasimbisa kuti pfungwa nemuviri zvaive zvibatanidzwa zviviri zvinosangana pakuumba hupenyu hwevanhu. Dzimwe nyaya dzakawanda dzichiri kukwikwidzana nevanodzidza nezvepfungwa nhasi, zvakadai sezvipo zvakabatanidzwa zvezvisikwa kana kurwisa , zvakadzika mumitambo iyi yepfungwa dzekutanga.
Saka chii chinoita kuti pfungwa dzepfungwa dzisiyane nemafungiro? Apo vazivi vepakutanga vaivimba nenzira dzakadai sekucherechedza uye manzwisisiro, mazuva ano vanofunga nezvepfungwa vanoshandisa masayendisiti ezvesayenzi kuti vadzidze uye vanoita zvirevo pamusoro pemafungiro nemafungiro evanhu.
Physiology yakabatsirawo pakupfungwa kwepfungwa pakupedzisira sekusayirwa kwesayenzi. Kutsvakurudza kwepakutanga kwehupfungwa pamusoro pehupfungwa uye mufambiro kwakakonzera kukanganisa kwepfungwa, pakupedzisira kunobatsira kushandisa nzira dzezvesayenzi mukudzidza kwefungiro nemafungiro evanhu.
Psychology Inomira seChirango Chiparadzaniswa
Pakazosvika pakati pemakore ekuma1800, mumwe muzvidzidzo zvekuGermany anonzi Wilhelm Wundt aishandisa nzira dzekutsvakurudza kwesayenzi kuti aongorore nguva dzakaita. Bhuku rake rakabudiswa muna 1874, Principles of Physiological Psychology , rakarondedzera zvizhinji zvekukurukurirana kukuru pakati pe sayenzi yehupenyu hwepanyama uye yekudzidza kwepfungwa nemafungiro evanhu.
Akazozarura bhuku rekutanga rezvepfungwa dzepfungwa muna 1879 paYunivhesiti yeLeipzig. Ichi chiitiko chinowanzoonekwa sokutanga kwepamusoro kwepfungwa dzepfungwa sechikamu chakasiyana uye chakasiyana nesayenzi.
Wundt akaona sei masayendisiti? Akanzwisisa nyaya yacho sekudzidza kwevanhu uye akaedza kushandisa nzira dzekuedza kuongorora mukati mekuita maitiro. Kunyange zvazvo kushandiswa kwake kwegadziriro inozivikanwa sekutangisa kunoonekwa sekusavimbika uye kusina zvesayenzi mazuva ano, basa rake rokutanga mune zvepfungwa rakabatsira kupa danho rekushandisa nzira dzenguva yemberi. Inofungidzirwa kuti vanhu 17 000 vakadzipinda hurukuro dzepfungwa dzeWundt's psychology, uye mazana ezvo akawedzera zvidimbu mune zvepfungwa uye akadzidza mumabhuku ake epfungwa.
Kunyange zvazvo simba rake rakapera sezvo munda wakakura, kushanda kwake pamagariro evanhu hakuna mubvunzo.
Structuralism Inova Psychology's First School of Thinking
Edward B. Titchener , mumwe wevadzidzi vainzi Wundt, aizoramba achiwana chikoro chekutanga chepfungwa chekufunga . Maererano ne- structuralists , ruzivo rwevanhu runogona kuputsika kuita zviduku. Kushandisa nzira inozivikanwa sekutangisa, mazano akadzidziswa aizoedza kuputsa mhinduro dzavo uye kugadzirisa kune zvakanyanya kufungidzira uye maonero.
Kunyange zvazvo hurongwa hunozivikanwa nekusimbisa kwekutsvakurudza kwesayenzi, nzira dzayo dzakanga dzisingatendwi, kudzivirira, uye kuzviisa pasi. Apo Titchener akafa muna 1927, chimiro chekugadzirisa zvinhu chakakosha pamwe naye.
Basa Rinoitwa naWilliam James
Psychology yakawedzera muAmerica pakati pemakore ekupedzisira-1800s. William James akabuda semumwe wevanyori vakuru vepfungwa dzeAmerica munguva iyi nekudhinda bhuku rake rekutanga, The Principles of Psychology , akamusimbisa sababa veAmerica psychology . Bhuku rake rakakurumidza kuva rakazara mumagariro epfungwa uye pfungwa dzake dzakazoshandiswa sechikonzero chechikoro chitsva chekufunga chinonzi basa.
Chinangwa chekushanda kwaiva pamusoro pekuti maitiro anobata sei kubatsira vanhu kurarama munzvimbo yavo. Maitiro anoshandiswa anoshandiswa nenzira dzakadai sekucherechedza zvakananga kuongorora pfungwa dzevanhu nemafambiro. Zvese zvezvikoro izvi zvokutanga zvepfungwa zvakasimbisa kuziva kwevanhu, asi mafungiro avo aive akasiyana zvakasiyana. Kunyange zvazvo vezvematongerwo enyika vakatsvaga kuputsa maitiro ekufunga muzvikamu zvavo zviduku, vashandi vanofunga kuti zivo dzaivepo sehuwandu hunoenderera mberi uye hunochinja. Kunyange zvazvo kushanda kwakakurumidza kupera chikoro chakasiyana chepfungwa, zvinogona kuenderera mberi kune mafungiro ezvepfungwa uye mafungiro emafungiro evanhu nemafambiro.
The Emergence of Psychoanalysis
Kusvikira pano, mafirology epakutanga akasimbisa kuziva kwevanhu. Mumwe chiremba wokuAustria anonzi Sigmund Freud akachinja chiso chepfungwa, nenzira inoshamisa, achitaura chirevo cheunhu hwakasimbisa kukosha kweruzivo rusingazivi . Basa rekliniki raFréud nevarwere vanorwara nehumwe zvirwere zvakamuita kuti ave nokutenda kuti mavambo okutanga achiri muduku uye mafungiro asina zivo akabatsira pakuvandudza unhu hwevanhu vakuru uye maitiro.
Mubhuku rake rinonzi The Psychopathology of Everyday Life , Freud akanyatsotsanangura kuti idzi pfungwa dzisinganzwisisiki uye mafungiro zvinoratidzwa, kazhinji kuburikidza nemisipi yerurimi (inozivikanwa se "Freudian mashizha" ) uye hope . Maererano naFrud, kushungurudzika kwepfungwa kunokonzerwa nekukakavadzana uku kusina kukanganisa kana kusagadzikana. Iyo psychoanalytic nyanzvi yakarongwa naSigmund Freud yakave nechinetso chikuru pamakore ekumazana ezana remakore rechi20, ichikonzera hutano hwepfungwa pamwe nedzimwe nzvimbo kusanganisira unyanzvi, mabhuku, uye tsika yakakurumbira. Kunyange zvazvo dzakawanda zvepfungwa dzake dzinoonekwa nekusava nechokwadi mazuva ano, simba rake pane zvepfungwa haritenderwi.
Kuwedzera kwekuita maitiro
Psychology yakachinja zvikuru munguva yekutanga kwezana remakore rechi20 seimwe chikoro chekufunga chakazivikanwa sekutenderera kwakasimudza kutonga. Kuita maitiro kwakange kuri kuchinja kukuru kubva pamaonero akare ezvidzidzo, kuramba kusimbiswa kune pfungwa dzese uye dzinoziva . Pane kudaro, kuzvibata kwakashinga kuita kuti pfungwa dzepfungwa dziwedzere chirongwa chezvesayenzi kuburikidza nekutarisa pamusana pemaitiro anooneka.
Kuita maitiro kunotangira kutanga kwebasa remurosi wenyika yeRussia ainzi Ivan Pavlov . Kutsvakurudza kwaPavlov pamusoro pemagadzirirwo emagetsi embwa kwakatungamirira pakuwanikwa kwake kwechikoro chekugadzirisa mamiriro ezvinhu , iyo yakaronga kuti maitiro anogona kudzidziswa kuburikidza nesangano rakagadziriswa. Pavlov akaratidza kuti nzira yekudzidza iyi inogona kushandiswa kuita sangano pakati pekuvhiringidza kwezvakatipoteredza uye chiitiko chinowanzoitika.
Mumwe muongorori wepfungwa wekuAmerica ainzi John B. Watson munguva pfupi akazova umwe wevatsigiri vakasimba zvikuru ekutendeseka. Pakutanga achitsanangura mazano ezvidzidzo zvechikoro chitsva chekufunga mumagwaro ake e1913 Psychology seBehaviorist Views It , Watson akapfuurira kupa tsanangudzo mubhuku rake rekare rinonzi Behaviorism (1924), kunyora:
"Kutenda" kunofunga kuti nyaya yehupenyu hwepfungwa dzevanhu ndeyekuita kwevanhu.Kutenda kunoreva kuti kuziva hakusi kwechokwadi kana kushandiswa.Kuzvibata, uyo akave akadzidziswa nguva dzose sean experimentalist, anobata, mberi, iyo yakatenda mukuvapo kwekuziva inodzokera kumashure ekare mazuva ezvitendero uye zvemashiripiti. "
Kukanganisa kwehutsika hwekuita kwakange kwakakura, uye chikoro ichi chepfungwa chakaramba chichitonga kwemakore makumi mashanu anotevera. Nyanzvi yezvepfungwa BF Skinner yakawedzera maonero avanoita maitiro nemaonero ake ekugadzirisa mafungiro , izvo zvakaratidza kuitika kwechirango uye kusimbiswa mukuzvibata.
Kunyange zvazvo kusazvibata kwakaguma kukanganisa kubata kwepfungwa dzepfungwa, mazano ehutano hwepfungwa anoramba achiri kushandiswa nhasi. Nzira dzekurapa dzakadai sekuita shanduko , kugadzirisa maitiro, uye mararamiro echiratidzo zvinowanzoshandiswa kubatsira vana kudzidza unyanzvi hutsva uye kukurira maradaptive mafambiro, asi kugadzirisa kunoshandiswa mumamiriro ezvinhu akawanda kubva pakuberekera kuchikoro kusvika kuchikoro.
The Third Force in Psychology
Kunyange zvazvo hafu yekutanga yezana remakore rechimakumi maviri yakange yakatungamirirwa nehupfungwa dzepfungwa uye hutsika, chikoro chitsva chekufunga chakazivikanwa semafungiro evanhu evanhu akabuda mukati mehafu yezana remakore. Kazhinji inonzi "yechitatu simba" mune zvepfungwa, iyi maonero ekufungidzira akasimbisa zvakasangana nazvo.
Nyanzvi yezvepfungwa dzeAmerica Carl Rogers inowanzotorwa kuva mumwe wevaki vechikoro ichi chekufunga. Kunyange zvazvo psychoanalysts yakatarisa mafungiro asingazivi uye maitiro anongotarisa pane zvinokonzera mamiriro ezvinhu, Rogers akatenda zvakasimba musimba rekusununguka nekuzvisarudzira. Nyanzvi yezvepfungwa Abraham Maslow yakabatanidzwawo mune zvepfungwa dzevanhu nehurumende yake yakakurumbira yezvido zvekuda kwevanhu. Iyi nyanzvi yakaratidza kuti vanhu vaitungamirirwa nekudiwa zvakanyanya kuoma. Pane imwe nguva zvido zvekutanga zvakagadziriswa, vanhu vanobva vakukurudzirwa kutevera zvakadzama zvido zvepamusoro.
Cognitive Psychology
Munguva dzema1950 nema1960, sangano rinozivikanwa sekugadzirisa kukanganisa kwakatanga kubata mupfungwa. Munguva ino, pfungwa dzepfungwa dzakatanga kutora mafungiro epfungwa uye maitiro ekutaura sechirevo chikuru chekudzidza kwepfungwa. Nyanzvi dzepfungwa dzakanga dzichiri kufarira kutarisa maitiro anooneka, asi ivo vaishushikanawo nezvakanga zvichiitika mupfungwa.
Kubva panguva iyoyo, pfungwa dzepfungwa dzakaramba dzichiita hurukuro dzepfungwa sezvavanotsvakurudza vanoramba vachidzidza zvinhu zvakadai sekuona, kuyeuka, kuita sarudzo, kugadzirisa matambudziko, njere, uye mutauro. Kuiswa kwehutano hwekufungidzira kwakafanana neMRI uye PET kuongorora kwakabatsira kuvandudza kukwanisa kwevatsvakurudzi kunyatsodzidza kushanda kwepfungwa dzehuropi hwevanhu.
Psychology Inopfuurira Kukura
Sezvawaona muchirongwa ichi pfupi nezvepfungwa yepfungwa, chirango ichi chakaona kukura uye kuchinja kunoshamisa kubva pakutanga kwepamutemo mubazi reWundt. Nyaya iyi haigumi pano. Psychology yakaramba ichichinja kubvira muna 1960 uye pfungwa itsva nemaonero zvakatangwa. Kutsvakurudzwa kwemazuva ano mune zvepfungwa kunotarisa zvinhu zvakawanda zvehupenyu hwevanhu, kubva kune hupenyu hwehupenyu hwehutano kune hutano hwemagariro evanhu uye tsika.
Nhasi, ruzhinji rwemagariro epfungwa haruzvizivikanise nechikoro chimwe chekufunga. Pane kudaro, vanowanzotarisa pane imwe nzvimbo inokosha kana maonero, kazhinji vachikwevera pane pfungwa kubva mumhando dzakasiyana dzedzidziso. Iyi nzira yekusarura yakave yakapa mitsva mitsva nemafungiro acharamba achigadzirisa mafungiro epfungwa kwemakore anotevera.
Varipi Vose Vakadzi MuPsychology History?
Sezvaunoverenga kuburikidza nenyaya ipi neipi yepfungwa, iwe unogona kunyanya kurohwa nekuti mavhesi akadaro anoita seanonyanya kunyanya pane zvinyorwa uye zvipo zvevarume. Izvi hazvirevi kuti vakadzi vakanga vasina kufarira mumunda wepfungwa, asi zvikurukuru nekuda kwekuti vakadzi vakadzingwa kubva pakudzidzira dzidzo uye kudzidzira mumakore ekutanga emunda. Kune vakadzi vazhinji vakaita zvipo zvakakosha kune nhoroondo yekutanga yepfungwa, kunyange zvazvo basa ravo dzimwe nguva risina hanya.
Vashoma mapiyona chaiwo vakadzi vepfungwa dzepfungwa vaisanganisira:
- Mary Whiton Calkins , uyo akakodzera kuwana chikoro chechiremba kubva kuHarvard, kunyange zvazvo chikoro chakaramba kumupa chidimbu nokuti aiva mukadzi. Akadzidza nemamwe mafungiro makuru ezuva iro kusanganisira William James, Josiah Royce, uye Hugo Munsterberg. Pasinei nezvipingamupinyi zvaakatarisana nazvo, akazove mukuru wekutanga weAmerican Psychological Association.
- Anna Freud , uyo akaita zvipo zvakakosha kumunda wepfungwa. Akatsanangura nzira dzakawanda dzezvidziviriro uye anozivikanwa sevakiki vehutano hwepfungwa. Aivawo nemafungiro pane mamwe magwekori ezvepfungwa, kusanganisira Erik Erikson.
- Mary Ainsworth , uyo akanga ari nyanzvi yezvepfungwa yakagadzirwa uye akaita zvipo zvinokosha pakunzwisisa kwedu kwekubatanidza . Akave netsika yekudzidza vana nevanotarisira zvinyorwa zvinonzi "Strange Situation".
Shoko Rinobva
Kuti uzonzwisisa kuti mafirology akaita sei sayenzi iyo nhasi, zvakakosha kudzidza zvakawanda pamusoro pezvimwe zviitiko zvezvakaitika zvakakonzera kukura kwayo. Kunyange zvazvo dzimwe dzedzidziso dzakabuda mumakore ekutanga epfungwa yepamusoro zvingangoonekwa sezvisinganzwisisiki, zvisingachaperi, kana zvisina kururama, izvi zvakakosha zvakagadzira kutungamirirwa kwemunda uye zvakatibatsira kuti tive nekunzwisisa kukuru kwepfungwa dzevanhu nemafambiro.
> Sources:
> Fancher, RE & Rutherford, A. Vapiyona vePychology. New York: WW Norton; 2016.
> Lawson, RB, Graham, JE, & Baker, KM. A History of Psychology. New York: Routledge; 2007.