Nhoroondo inoshamisa yeMhuka Yakasvibiswa Yakasimudzirwa muIsolation
Pakave nenhamba dzezviitiko zvevana vanomererwa mumagariro evanhu pamwe chete kana vasingawaniki nevanhu. Vashomanana vakatora hurumende nekucherechedza kwesayenzi seyomusikana muduku anonzi Genie. Akapedza anenge udiki hwake hwose akavharirwa muimba yekurara, ari oga uye anoshungurudzwa kwemakore anopfuura gumi. Nyaya yaGenie yaiva imwe yekutanga kuisa nguva yakakosha yedzidzo.
Ko mwana akakwidziridzwa mukunzwa zvakanyanya uye kuparadzaniswa anoudza mutauro here? Zvingaita here kuti nzvimbo inochengetedza ive yekutyisa kunopfuura?
Genie's Background
Nyaya yaGenie yakasvika musi waNovember 4, 1970, muLos Angeles, California. Mumwe mushandi wehupfumi akawana musikana wemakore gumi nemaviri mushure mekunge amai vake vakatsvaka mabasa. Vashandi vehupfumi vakabva vaona kuti musikana wacho akanga avharirwa mukamuri duku, uye kuongororwa nevane hurumende kwakakurumidza kubudisa kuti mwana akanga apedza nguva yakawanda yehupenyu hwake muimba ino, kazhinji akasungirirwa pachigaro chevumbi.
Musikana wacho akapiwa zita rokuti Genie mune zvinyorwa zvake kuti azvidzivirire uye ave zvake. "Zita remhosva ndiro Genie Iyi haisi iyo zita raiye munhu, asi patinofunga pamusoro peiyo genie, genie chinhu chisikwa chinobuda mumabhodhoro kana chipi zvacho asi chinowanzopinda munharaunda yevanhu vaduku. chokwadi hachisi chisikwa chakanga chiri nehuduku hwevanhu, "akatsanangura kudaro Susan Curtiss muna 1997 Nova documentary yakanzi," Zvinyorwa zveMwana Mwana. "
Vose vaviri vabereki vakapomerwa mhosva yokushungurudzwa, asi baba vaGenie vakazviuraya zuva risati rafanira kuonekwa mudare, vachisiya musimboti unoti "nyika haichazombozvinzwisisi."
Upenyu hwaGenie vasati vamuwana hwaiva chimwe chekudziviswa zvachose. Akapedza nguva yakawanda yemazuva ake akasungirirwa asina kupfeka kumukadzi wake wekasi chete anokwanisa kutamisa maoko ake netsoka.
Paakaita rwiyo, baba vake vaizomurova. Baba vake, amai, uye mukoma mukuru haawanzotauri naye. Nguva dzisinganzwisisiki baba vake vaibata pamwe naye, kwaiva kuputika kana kuchema.
Nyaya yenyaya yake yakakurumidza kupararira, kutora pfungwa kubva kuvanhu vose uye nesayenzi. Nyaya yacho yakanga yakakosha, akadaro mupfungwa uye munyori Harlan Lee, nokuti "tsika dzedu hadzisibvumi kuti tifambe kuedza kunyanzvi nevanhu, ava vanhu vasina maturo ndizvo zvatinofanira kuita."
Nekufarira kwakanyanya nyaya yake, mubvunzo wakava chii chinofanira kuitwa naye. Boka rezvepfungwa dzepfungwa uye mutauro wemitauro rakatanga nzira yekuvandudza Genie.
Teaching Genie
I National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) yakapa mari yekutsvakurudza kwesayenzi panyaya yeGenie.
"Ndinofunga kuti munhu wese akauya nehukama naye akabatwa kwaari.Aiva nehutano hwekubatana nevanhu, izvo zvakawedzera uye zvakanyanya asi zvaivepo, chaizvoizvo, kubva pakutanga.Aiva ne nzira yekubuda kunze asina kutaura chero chinhu , asi nenzira imwe chete nemhando yekutarisa mumaziso ake, uye vanhu vaida kumuitira zvinhu, "akadaro chiremba wepfungwa David Rigler, chikamu che" Genie team ".
Bhizimisi rake rekudzorera rakasanganisirawo mudzidzi wechikoro Susan Curtiss uye mudzidzi wepfungwa James Kent.
Paakatanga kusvika kuUCLA, boka racho rakasangana nemusikana akayerera makirogiramu 59 chete uye akafamba ne "bhanny walk" isingazivikanwi. Aiwanzopfira uye akanga asingakwanisi kururamisa maoko ake nemakumbo. Akanyarara, asingatauri, uye asingakwanisi kutsvaga, pakutanga akaita seanokwanisa kuziva zita rake uye shoko rokuti "sorry."
Mushure mokuongorora maitiro eGenie uye manzwisisiro, Kent akazvitsanangura se "mwana akaipisisa kwazvo wandakaona ... hupenyu hwaGenie inzvimbo yakashata." Kunyarara kwake uye kusakwanisa kushandisa mutauro kwakaita kuti zvive zvakaoma kuongorora mano ake ekufunga, asi pakuedzwa, akawana paanenge aine makore ane makore.
Nenguva isipi yakatanga kufambira mberi nokukurumidza munzvimbo dzakasiyana, nokukurumidza kudzidza kudzidzira kushandisa chimbuzi uye kupfeka. Mumwedzi mishomanana inotevera, akatanga kutambira mberi kubudirira mberi asi akaramba ari murombo munzvimbo dzakadai semutauro. Akanakidzwa nokubuda kunze kwezuva kunze kwechipatara uye akaongorora nzvimbo yake itsva nechisimba chakashamisa vatarisiri vake nevasingazivi zvakafanana. Curtiss akarayira kuti Genie aive nesimba rakasimba rokukurukura asingatauri , achiwanzogamuchira zvipo kubva kune vanhu vese vasingazivi vangaita sevanzwisise musikana musikana ane simba yekuongorora nyika yakamupoteredza.
Nguva Yakakosha uye Kuwana Mutauro
Chimwe chikonzero nei chiitiko chaGenie chaifadza masayendisiti uye nyanzvi zvakanyanyisa kuti yakapa mukana wakasiyana-siyana wokudzidza mhirizhonga inopikisana pamusoro pekusimudza mutauro . Nativists vanodavira kuti ruzivo rwemutauro nderwechokwadi, nepo empiricists anoratidza kuti kuchinja kwezvakatipoteredza kunoita basa rinokosha. Chaizvoizvo, inotonhora kusvika kuhutano hwemakore zvichienderana nekukakavadzana nharo. Ko mageneti kana nzvimbo yakasvibiswa inobatsira here mukudzidzira mutauro?
Nativist Noam Chomsky akataura kuti kuwana mutauro hakukwanise kutsanangurwa zvakazara nekudzidza oga. Pane kudaro, akaronga kuti vana vakaberekerwe nemichina yekuwana mutauro (LAD), unyanzvi hwekunzwisisa kunzwisisa mitemo yemutauro. Kana kangoziviswa mutauro, LAD inobvumira vana kudzidza mutauro nenguva inoshamisa.
Mutambi wemitauriri Eric Lenneberg anoratidza kuti kufanana nemamwe maitiro evanhu, kukwanisa kuwana mutauro kunowanikwa munguva dzinonetsa. Nguva yakakosha inguva shoma yenguva iyo iyo miviri inobata pfungwa yekunze kwekunze uye inokwanisa kuwana humwe unyanzvi. Maererano naLenneberg, nguva yakaoma yekuwana mutauro inosvika kusvika makore gumi nemaviri. Shure kwokutanga kwekuyaruka, akataura, sangano reuropi rinogadziriswa uye haritokwanisa kudzidza uye kushandisa mutauro nenzira yakakwana.
Nyaya yaGenie yakaratidza vaongorori vane mukana wakasiyana. Kana akapiwa nzvimbo yakagadziridzwa yekudzidza, angakunda kukunda kwake kwevana uye akadzidza mutauro kunyange zvazvo ainge asisina nguva inokosha? Kana aikwanisa, zvinoreva kuti nguva inokosha yekufungidzirwa kwekutaura kwemitauro yakanga isina kunaka. Kana akange asingakwanisi, ingaratidza kuti dzidziso yaLenneberg yakanga yakarurama.
Genie's Mutauro Kufambira Mberi
Pasinei nekuongororwa pamwero wemunhu ane makore 1 pakuongorora kwake kwokutanga, Genie akakurumidza kuwedzera mazwi matsva kumashoko ake. Akatanga nekudzidza mazwi asina chinhu uye pakupedzisira akatanga kuisa mazwi maviri pamwe chete nenzira iyo vana vaduku vanoita. Curtiss akatanga kunzwa kuti Genie aizonyatsokwanisa kuwana mutauro.
Mushure memakore ekurapa, akatotanga kuisa mazwi matatu pamwe chete nguva nenguva. Muvana vanofamba kuburikidza nekuvandudzwa kwemutauro, chikwata ichi chinoteverwa neinozivikanwa semutauro unoputika. Vana vanokurumidza kuwana mashoko matsva uye kutanga kuaisa pamwe chete nenzira dzisina ruzivo. Zvinosuruvarisa, izvi hazvina kumboitika kune Genie. Mutauro wake unyanzvi hwakaramba huri pamatsetse aya uye akaonekwa asingakwanisi kushandisa mitemo yegiramita uye kushandisa mutauro nenzira inobatsira. Panguva ino, kufambira mberi kwake kwakasimbiswa uye kuwana kwake mutauro mutsva kwakagadziriswa.
Kunyange zvazvo Genie aikwanisa kudzidza mutauro mushure mekupera, kusakwanisa kwake kushandisa geramma (izvo Chomsky anoratidza ndizvo zvinoparadzanisa mutauro wevanhu kubva mukukurukurirana kwemhuka) inopa uchapupu hwekukosha kwenguva nguva.
Ichokwadi kuti nyaya yaGenie haisi nyore. Haana kungosiyiwa nguva yakaoma yekudzidza mutauro, uye aishungurudzwa zvakanyanya. Akanga asina kudya uye asina kudzivirirwa nekugutsikana kwekuwanda kwehuduku hwake. Vatsvakurudzi vakanga vasingatombokwanisi kunyatsoziva kana Genie akatambura nekukanganisa kwepakutanga kuripo. Sechicheche, chiremba wevana ainge amuziva kuti ane imwe mhando yekurumidza kunonoka mupfungwa. Saka vatsvakurudzi vakasara kuti vazive kana Genie ainge aine matambudziko ekufungisisa akonzerwa nemakore ake okushungurudzwa kana kuti akaberekwa ane chirwere chekare chekutadza.
Nharo pamusoro peGenie's Care
Psychiatrist Jay Shurley akabatsira kuongorora Genie mushure mokunge atanga kuwanikwa, uye akati sezvo mamiriro ezvinhu akafanana naye akanga asinganzwisisiki, akakurumidza kuva nheyo yehondo pakati pevatsvakurudzi vaibata munyaya yake. Nharo pamusoro pekutsvakurudza uye nzira yekurapa kwake yakakurumidza kubuda. Genie nguva nenguva aipedza usiku huno pamusha waJean Butler, mumwe wevadzidzisi vake. Mushure mekumuka kwemasero, Genie akaiswa paimba yake mudzidzisi wake. Butler munguva pfupi yakave yakadzivirirwa uye yakatanga kurega kuwanikwa kweGenie. Dzimwe nhengo dzeboka racho dzakafunga kuti chinangwa chaButler chaiva chokuzivikanwa kubva pachiitiko chacho, pane imwe nguva achireva kuti Butler akazviti ndiye Anne Sullivan anotevera, mudzidzisi akakurumbira mukubatsira Helen Keller kudzidza kudzidza.
Pakupedzisira, Genie akabviswa kubva kwaAsler uye akaenda kundogara mumusha wepfungwa dzepfungwa David Rigler, kwaakagara kwemakore mana akatevera. Pasinei nedambudziko, akazviratidza kuita zvakanaka muimba yeRigler. Akanakidzwa achiteerera mimhanzi yepachikoro pa piyano uye kuda kudhonza, kazhinji kuwana zviri nyore kukurukura kuburikidza nekukwevera pane dzimwe nzira.
Kutanga Kwekupedzisira
NIMH yakasiya mari muna 1974, nekuda kwekushayikwa kwesayenzi yekuwana. Mutongi wemitauriri Susan Curtiss akanga awana kuti nepo Genie aigona kushandisa mazwi, aisagona kubudisa shanduro. Akange asingagoni kuronga mazwi aya nenzira inonzwisisika, achitsigira pfungwa yenguva inokosha mukusimudza mutauro. Tsvakurudzo yeRigler yakange isingarongororwi uye yakawanda isingaiti. Pasina mari yekuenderera mberi tsvakurudzo uye kutarisira Genie, akatamiswa kubva kutarisira kwaRigler.
Muna 1975, Genie akadzoka kuzogara naamai vake. Apo amai vake vakawana basa racho rakaoma zvikuru, Genie akatamidzwa nemumusha weimba yevakwegura, kwaaiwanzoshungurudzwa uye kusatariswa. Amai vakaberekerwa naGenie vakatopomera vana veSpital Hospital yeLos Angeles uye boka rekutsvakurudza, vachivatengesa nekuedzwa kwakanyanya. Kunyange zvazvo mhosva yakagadziriswa, yakakonzera mibvunzo inokosha pamusoro pokurapa uye kutarisira Genie. Ko kutsvakurudza kwakapindira here nemishonga yekurapa kwemusikana?
Mamiriro ezvinhu eGenie akaramba achiwedzera. Mushure mekunge apedza nguva yakawandisa mumisha yevashandi, akadzokera kuvana vana kuchipatara. Zvinosuruvarisa, kufambira mberi kwakange kwaitika panguva yekugara kwake kwekutanga kwakanyanyiswa zvakanyanya nekurapa kwakatevera kwaakagamuchira mukuchengetwa kwevana. Genie aitya kuzarura muromo wake uye akadzokorora zvakare mukunyarara.
Aripi Genie Nhasi?
Nhasi, Genie anogara mune imwe imba yekuchengetedza vakwegura kune imwe nzvimbo kumaodzanyemba kweCalifornia. Chinyanyozivikanwa pamusoro pemamiriro ake ezvinhu iye zvino, kunyange munhu asingazivikanwi akabhadharwa muongorori wega pachake kuti amutarise pasi muna 2000 uye akamurondedzera seanofara. Izvi zvinopesana nenhoroondo yepfungwa dzepfungwa Jay Shurley uyo akashanyira iye pamakore ekuberekwa kwake makumi maviri nemakumi maviri nemakumi maviri nemanomwe uye akazviratidza semusana wakanyarara, akaora mwoyo, uye asingawanzogadziriswa.
"Tinobvisa chii kubva munyaya iyi inosuruvarisa?" akakumbira Harlan Lee muNova documentary, "Chakavanzika cheMucheche." "Tarisai, pane zvinokonzera tsika mumhando iyi yekutsvakurudza.Kana iwe uchida kuita shanduro yakasimba, ipapo Genie anofarira kuuya wechipiri dzimwe nguva.Kana iwe unongotarisira kubatsira Genie, iwe haungaiti zvakawanda zvekutsvakurudza kwesayenzi Saka, chii chauri kuzoita? Kuita kuti zvinhu zviwedzere, mabasa maviri, scientist, uye chiremba , akabatanidzwa mumunhu mumwe chete, mune iye.Naizvozvo, ndinofunga kuti zvizvarwa zvichauya kuzodzidza nyaya yaGenie ... kwete chete izvo zvingatidzidzisa pamusoro pekukura kwevanhu asiwo pane zvingatidzidzisa pamusoro pemubairo uye ngozi dzekuita 'kuedza kunorambidzwa.' "
> Sources:
> Lenneberg, E. (1967). Biological Foundations of Language. New York: Wiley.
> Pines, M. (1997). Ikubudirira kweGenie. Mu Kudzidzisa Chirungu kuburikidza neChirango: Psychology, Loretta F. Kasper, Ed ..
> PBS. (1997). Chakavanzika chemwana wesango. NOVA.
> Rolls, G. (2005). Classic Case Studies mu Psychology . London: Hodder Arnold.
> Rymer, R. (1993). Genie: Njodzi yesayenzi. New York: Harper Collins.