Chikonzero nei Phrenology Iko Iye zvino Inofungidzirwa sePseudoscience
Ko kubvumira mushure memusoro wako kunopa ruzivo rweunhu hwako hwemukati here? Iyi pfungwa yaiva nheyo huru munyaya yekuzivikanwa inozivikanwa sehupenzi , chirango chinosanganisira kubatanidza kusungirirwa pamusoro wemunhu kune zvimwe zvinhu zveunhu hwake uye unhu hwake.
Ngatinyatsoongororai kuti kudengenyeka kwakavapo sei, kukwira kwaro mukududzirwa, uye simba rayo pane zvepfungwa.
Nhoroondo Pfupfupi yeFrenology
Phrenology yakagadzirwa nechiremba wechiGermany anonzi Franz Joseph Gall kuma1900. Gall akacherechedza kuti chirema chevanhu chakakura zvikuru kupfuura chezvikara, chaaidavira ndicho chakaita kuti vanhu vakwanise kukunda. Pakupedzisira, akazogutsikana kuti zvisikwa zve cortex zvinogona kuonekwawo pakuumbwa nekukura kwehenya. Mune mamwe mazwi, aifunga kuti kuvhiringidzika pamusoro pehuropi kunogona kuonekwa nekuona matambudziko pamusoro wemusoro wemunhu.
Mushure mekutarisa misoro yemapoka ediki maduku, Gall yakawana kuti vazhinji vavo vakanga vachinge vachinge vachinge vachinge vachinge vashandura bhee ravo kumusoro kwevanzeve dzavo. Akabva aratidza kuti matambudziko, kudengenyeka, uye chimiro chejecha chingave chakabatanidzwa kune zvakasiyana zveunhu hweunhu , unhu, uye unyanzvi. Nevana vake vaduku, pane imwe nguva, akaratidza kuti kuputika shure kwe nzeve dzavo kwaibatanidza netsika yekuba, kureva nhema, kana kunyengera.
Mubhuku rake pamusoro peshoko rekunyengedzera, Gall akati:
- Unyanzvi hwepfungwa uye hwepfungwa hwakanga husina hanya. Mune mamwe mazwi, vanhu vakaberekwa vane tsika dzavo uye huchenjeri. Kana iwe waiva mbavha, zvaive nokuti wakaberekwa une chimiro chekunyengera.
- Basa racho kana kuratidzira kwezvinhu izvi zvakatsigirwa nesangano ravo.
- Uropi hutungamira hutano hwose, manzwiro, uye mazano.
- Uropi hwakakumbwa nhengo dzakawanda sezvo kune maitiro akasiyana, mafungiro, uye manzwiro.
- Chimiro chedehenya chaimiririra uye chinoratidza chimiro uye kubudirira kwezvikamu zvehuropi.
Gall akatsvaka rubatsiro rwemagariro ake nekuyera madhehenya evanhu mumajeri, zvipatara, uye nzvimbo dzekugara, kunyanya avo vane misoro isina kufanana. Kubva pane zvaakawana, Gall akatanga chirongwa che "mazano" akasiyana-siyana ayo aifunga kuti aigona kuongororwa zvakananga nekuongorora zvimwe zvikamu zve musoro.
Akagadzirawo chati yakaratidza kuti zvikamu zveihenya zvaibatanidzwa nehumwe unhu kana maitiro.
Iko "Masangano" makumi maviri nemashanu muFrenology
Saka chii chaive cheGall makumi maviri nemaviri? Izvo zvinotevera zvakanyorwa kune avo vaakatsanangura, chimwe nechimwe chaaidavira chakanyorera kune imwe nzvimbo yepamusoro.
- Idzidziso dzekuberekwa
- Rudo rwevana vako
- Rudo uye ushamwari
- Kudzivirira, ushingi, nekurwa
- Murderous masimba
- Guile, acuteness; kuchenjera
- Sense yeimba; tsika yokuba
- Kunyada, kuzvikudza, kuzvikudza, rudo rwechiremera, kuzvikudza
- Hazvina maturo, chido, rudo rwekubwinya
- Kusadzingiswa, kufungidzira
- Unhu hwekudzidziswa
- Sense yenharaunda uye nzvimbo
- Kuyeuka kwevanhu
- Verbal memory
- Mano emutauro
- Mhedziso yemirasi
- Sense ye talenta yakanaka uye mimhanzi
- Mathematical mano
- Mechanical abilities
- Kufananidza kusagadzikana
- Metaphysics
- Satire uye wit
- Nyanzvi yepfungwa
- Mutsa; tsitsi; senitivity; pfungwa dzetsika
- Kutevedzera nekutevedzera
- Religiosity
- Kutsungirira, kusimba
Zvinetso NeGall's Phrenology
Zvisinei, nzira dzeGall dzakanga dzisina kushandiswa kwesayenzi uye akasarudza kusazvidza chero uchapupu hupi hwakapesana nemafungiro ake. Pasinei neizvi, kunyorwa kwepamusoro kwakanyanya kuve kwakakurumbira kubvira kuma1800 kusvika pakutanga kwema1900.
Kuva nemusoro wako uongororwa ne phrenologist waiva basa rakakurumbira munguva yeVa Victori uye yakaramba ichinyatsozivikanwa kunyange mushure mokunge humwe hupupuri hwakatanga kupikisana nemafungiro aGall.
Mafungiro eGall akawana vazhinji vateveri, asi akatanga kutora kutsoropodza kukuru kubva kune masayendisiti pamwe nemamwe mapoka. Chechi yeKaturike yaifunga kuti maonero ake e "nhengo yechitendero" yakanga isina Mwari, uye muna 1802, mabhuku ake akawedzerwa kuIndaneti yeMabhuku Anodziviswa .
Mushure mokufa kwaGall muna 1828, vazhinji vevateveri vake vakaramba vachiwedzera frenology, vachiitora kubva kuGall kuedza kusenzi mune chimwe chinhu chechitendero. Phrenology references zvakare yakatanga kuratidzira kakawanda munharaunda yakakurumbira.
Pasinei nokududzirwa kwenguva pfupi kwepamusoro pemaitiro, pakupedzisira yakaonekwa sechirevo chekunyengedza kwakafanana nekuongorora nyeredzi, numerology, uye palmistry. Kutsoropodzwa kubva kune dzimwe nyanzvi dzakatsvakurudza uropi dzakabatanidzwa basa rinokosha mukudodzwa uku kwemaonero anozivikanwa ehupfungwa.
Muna 1843, Pierre Flourens akawana kuti chikonzero chikuru chekunyengedzera - kuti mhirizhonga yechehenya yakaenderana nehupenyu hwehuropi - hwakanga husina kunaka. MuElementary Treatise yake pa Human Physiology , physiologist Francois Magendie akapfupikisa kubviswa kwake kwekunyengedzera nekunyora:
Phrenology, pseudo-sayenzi yezuva ranhasi; kufanana nekuongorora nyeredzi, necromancy, uye alchemy yekare, inofungidzira kuti inowanikwa muuropi marudzi akasiyana eyeuchidzo. Asi kuedza kwaro kuri kungotaura, izvo zvisingatauri kuongororwa kwechinguvana.
Kufuridzira kweFrenology
Kunyange zvazvo kupora kwemaitiro kwenguva refu kwave kuonekwa sepseudoscience, yakabatsira kubatsira kupa zvipo zvinokosha mumunda wehutano. Kuvonga kwekutarisa kwekunyengedzera, vatsvakurudzi vakawedzerwa kufarira mupfungwa yekortical localization, pfungwa yakaratidza kuti mamwe maitiro emagariro akawanikwa munzvimbo dzakasiyana dzeuropi.
Kunyange zvazvo Gall nedzimwe nyanzvi dzedzidziso dzisina kururama dzaifunga kuti kuvhara mumusoro kwakabatana neunhu uye unyanzvi, vaive vakarurama pakufunga kuti maitiro akasiyana epfungwa akabatanidzwa munzvimbo dzakasiyana dzeuropi. Nzira dzekutsvakurudza dzemazuva ano dzinobvumira masayendisiti kushandisa zvishandiso zvakajeka zvakadai seMRI uye PET inoongorora kudzidza zvakawanda pamusoro pekuona kwesebasa mukati meuropi.
Sources:
Fancher, RE Vapayona vePychology. New York: WW Norton uye Company, Inc .; 1996.
Hothersall, D. History of Psychology . New York: McGraw-Hill, Inc .; 1995.
Megendie, F. Chiitiko chepakutanga pamusoro pehupenyu hwevanhu. Harper nehama; 1855.