Utungamiriri hweutungamiri hunoreva mutungamiri unhu hunhu hunoenderana nekuita, kutungamira, kutungamirira, uye kutarisira mapoka evanhu. Vatungamiri vakuru vanogona kukurudzira hupfumi hwematongerwe enyika uye kushanduka kwevanhu. Vanogonawo kukurudzira vamwe kuita, kusika, nekugadzira.
Sezvaunotanga kufunga nezvevamwe vanhu vaunofunga kuti vatungamiri vakuru, unogona kuona kamwe kuti kune kazhinji kusiyana kukuru kwekuti munhu wese anotungamirira sei.
Nenzira yakanaka, vatsvakurudzi vakagadzira zvinyorwa zvakasiyana siyana uye zvigadziro zvinotibvumira kuti tinyatsonzwisisa uye tinyatsonzwisisa hutungamiri hutsika hwakasiyana.
Pano pane mashoma emakororamiro ehutungamiri akakurumbira uye maitiro akave akaonekwa.
Utungamiri hwaLeinin Tsika
Muna 1939, boka revanotsvakurudza rakatungamirirwa nemarayendisiti wepfungwa Kurt Lewin akaronga kuziva michina yakasiyana yeutungamiri. Kunyange zvazvo kutsvakurudza kwakawedzerwa kwave kujekesa zvakasiyana siyana zveutungamiri, chidzidzo chekutanga ichi chakakosha zvikuru uye chakagadzirisa zvitatu zvakakura zveutungamiri maitiro akatsigira hutungamiri hwehutungamiri hwakawanda hunotsanangurwa hutungamiri.
Mukudzidza kwaL Lewin, vana vechikoro vakagoverwa kune rimwe remapoka matatu ane mutongi, mutongi, kana mutungamiri we-laif-faire. Vana vacho vakabva vatungamirirwa mune unyanzvi nemabasa ekugadzira basa apo vatsvakurudzi vakacherechedza maitiro evana mukupindura maitiro akasiyana ehutungamiri.
Vatsvakurudzi vakaona kuti hutungamiri hwehutungamiri hwevanhu hunoti hunobudirira zvikuru mukukurudzira vateveri kuti vaite zvakanaka.
Ngatinyatsoongororei mitatu mitatu Lewin akacherechedza:
1. Utungamiriri hweHurumende (Autocrit)
Vatungamiri vehurumende, vanozivikanwawo sevatungamiri vehurumende , vanopa zvakananga izvo zvinoda kuitwa kana zvichifanira kuitwa, uye kuti zvinofanira kuitwa sei.
Iyi nzira yehutungamiri yakanyatsotarisa pamirairo yose nemutungamiri uye kutonga kwevateveri. Panewo kupesana kwakajeka pakati pemutungamiri uye nhengo. Vatungamiri vezvematongerwe enyika vanoita zvisarudzo vachizvimiririra nehururo kana zvishoma kubva kune rimwe boka.
Vatsvakurudzi vakaona kuti kugadzira chisarudzo kwakanga kusinganyanyi kuronga pasi peutungamiri vehurumende. Lewin akagumisa zvakare kuti zvakaoma kutama kubva kune unyanzvi hwekutonga kusvika kune chirevo chema democracy kunze kwechirevo chechirevo. Kushungurudzwa kwemuitiro uyu kunowanzoonekwa sekutonga, kushushikana, uye kudzvinyirira.
Uhutungamiri hwehurumende hunonyanya kushandiswa mumamiriro ezvinhu apo pane nguva shoma yekuita sarudzo dzeboka kana kuti mutungamiri ndiye nhengo yakanyatsoziva yeboka. Iyo nzira yekutenderera inogona kuva yakanaka kana mamiriro acho ezvinhu achida kuti zvisarudzo zvakakurumidza uye zviito zvakasarudzwa. Zvisinei, inowanzotanga nzvimbo dzisingabatsiri uye dzinotyisa, kazhinji dzinoteerera vateveri vanopikisa mutungamiri anotonga.
2. Utungamiri huripo (Democratic)
Kudzidza kwaLeinin kwakawana hutungamiri hunobatanidzwa, hunozivikanwawo sehutungamiri hwehutungamiri hwehurumende , inowanzo hutungamiri hweutungamiri hwakanyanya. Vatungamiri vezvematongerwo enyika vanopa mazano kumapoka eboka, asi vanobatanidzwawo muboka uye vanobvumira mazano kubva kune dzimwe nhengo dzeboka.
Mukudzidza kwaL Lewin, vana vari muboka iri vakanga vasina zvibereko zvishoma kupfuura nhengo dzeboka rehurumende, asi zvipo zvavo zvaive zvepamusoro.
Vatungamiri vanotora chikamu vanokurudzira nhengo dzeboka kuti dziite chimwe chinhu asi dzichengetedze kutaura kwekupedzisira mukugadzira chisarudzo. Nhengo dzeboka dzinonzwa dzichiita basa uye dzinokurudzirwa uye dzakasikwa. Vatungamiri vezvematongerwe enyika vanoita kuti vateereri vanzwe sekuti vari chikamu chinokosha cheboka, izvo zvinobatsira kukurudzira kuzvipira kune zvinangwa zveboka racho.
3. Utungamiri hweMakurukota (Laissez-Faire)
Vatsvakurudzi vakawana kuti vana vari pasi pehutungamiri hwevanhu, vanozivikanwawo sehutungamiri hwe-la--faire , ndivo vaiita zvishoma pamapoka matatu.
Vana vari muboka iri vakaitawo zvakawanda zvaidiwa kumutungamiri, vakaratidza kushanda pamwe chete, uye vakanga vasingakwanisi kushanda voga.
Vatungamiri vekupa vatungamiriri vanopa nhungamiro shoma kana kuti kwete kumapoka eboka uye kusiya kusimuka kwekutora kusvika kumapoka eboka. Kunyange zvazvo chimiro ichi chinogona kubatsira mumamiriro ezvinhu anosanganisira nyanzvi dzakadzidza, inowanzotungamirira kumabasa asina kutsanangurwa uye kusava nehanya.
Lewin akataura kuti hutungamiri hwekuita-huno hunoita kuti huve nemapoka aisava nekutungamirirwa apo nhengo dzakatongana mhosva yezvikanganiso, vakaramba kubvuma mutoro wega, uye vakagadza kusava nekufambira mberi nekushanda.
Mherechedzo Pamusoro peLinin's Leadership Styles
Mune mabhuku avo, "Bass Handbook of Leadership: Nyaya, Tsvakurudzo, uye Mahofisi Emahofisi," Bass uye Bass chinyorwa chokuti hutungamiri hwehutongi hunowanzoratidzwa chete mune zvakaipa, kazhinji kunyange kusatendera, mazwi. Vatungamiri vehurumende vanowanzotsanangurwa sekutonga uye vaine pfungwa dzepedyo, asi izvi zvinotarisa zvingave zvakanaka zvemitemo inoshungurudza, kutarisira kuteerera, uye kutora mutoro.
Kunyange zvazvo hutungamiri hwehutongi husati huri sarudzo yakanakisisa pane imwe neimwe mamiriro ezvinhu, inogona kuva yakakosha uye inobatsira mumamiriro ezvinhu apo vateereri vanoda nhungamiro yakawanda uye apo mitemo nemitemo inofanira kuteverwa kune tsamba. Imwe inowanzoregererwa kubatsirwa kwechimiro chechiremera ndiko kukwanisa kuchengeta pfungwa yekuronga.
Bass uye Bass nyora kuti hutungamiri hwehutungamiri hunofanirwa kuve huri pamusoro pevateveri uye inzira inobatsira painoedza kuchengetedza ukama nevamwe. Vanhu vanoshanda pasi pevatungamiri vakadaro vanowanzofambidzana zvakanaka, vatsigirana mumwe nomumwe, uye vaudza dzimwe nhengo dzeboka pakusarudza.
Kuwedzera Kweutungamiri Matanho uye Madzimai
Mukuwedzera kune maitiro matatu akaonekwa naLoin nevamwe vake, vatsvakurudzi vakatsanangura mamwe maitiro ehutungamiri. Pano pane zvishoma chete zvinozivikanwa zvikuru:
1. Kuchinja Kwekutungamira Maitiro
Shanduko yehutano inowanzotaridzwa semhando imwe chete inoshanda. Iyi nzira yakatanga kurondedzerwa mukati mekupera kwema1970 uye gare gare yakawedzerwa pane nemutsvakurudzi Bernard M. Bass. Zvimwe zvezvinhu zvinokosha zvehutano hwake hweutungamiri ndeyekwanisi yekukurudzira uye kukurudzira vateveri uye kutungamirira kuchinja kwakanaka mumapoka.
Vatungamiri vekutendeuka vanowanzove vakangwara mupfungwa, vane simba, uye vanoda. Havasi kungozvipira chete kubatsira sangano kuti ribudirire zvinangwa zvaro, asiwo kubatsira nhengo dzeboka kuti dzizadzise zvingaita.
Kutsvakurudza kwakaratidza kuti nzira iyi yehutungamiri yakaguma mukushanda kwakakwirira nekuwedzerwa kugutsikana kweboka pane dzimwe utungamiri maitiro. Chimwe chidzidzo chakawana zvakare kuti hutungamiri hwekushandura hunoita kuti huve nani huri nani pakati pemapoka eboka.
2. Kutengesa Utungamiri
Nzira yekutengesa hutungamiri inoona hutungamiri-huteveri sehukama sekutengeserana. Nokugamuchira chigaro senhengo yeboka, munhu wacho akabvuma kuteerera mutungamiriri. Mune mamiriro ezvinhu akawanda, izvi zvinosanganisira ukama-mushandi wehukama, uye mutengesi unotarisa kumuteveri achizadzisa mabasa anodiwa mukutsinhanisa mari yekubhadhara mari.
Chimwe chezvibatsiro zvikuru zvehutungamiri hwekuita ndeyekuti inogadzira mabasa akajeka. Vanhu vanoziva zvavanenge vachida kuita uye zvavanenge vachizogamuchira pakuchinjana kwekuita mabasa aya. Iko inobvumira vatungamiri kupa zviyero zvakawanda zvekutarisa uye nhungamiro kana zvichidiwa. Nhengo dzeboka dzinogonawo kukurudzirwa kuita zvakanaka kuti dziwane mibairo. Chimwe chezvinhu zvikuru zvakaderera ndezvokuti mutambo wekutengeserana unowedzera kukanganisa zvisikwa uye kunze kwe-bhokisi-kufunga.
3. Mamiriro ehutungamiri hutsika
Mamiriro ezvinhu ehutungamiri ehutungamiri anokonzera simba guru rezvakatipoteredza uye mamiriro ehutungamiri. Maviri edzidziso idzi anosanganisira:
- Utsika hwaHersey naBlanchard: Utatu hwaHersey naBlanchard ndeimwe yezvinonyanya kuzivikanwa mumamiriro ezvinhu. Kutanga kubudiswa muna 1969, mufananidzo uyu unotsanangura maitiro mana ekutanga eutungamiri, kusanganisira:
- Nzira yekutsanangurira inozivikanwa nekuudza vanhu zvavanofanira kuita.
- Nzira yekutengesa inosanganisira vatungamiri vanotendisa vatungamiri kuti vatenge mune zvavanofunga nemashoko.
- Nzira yekuita nayo inoratidzwa nekubvumira nhengo dzeboka kuti dziite basa rakawanda mukuita sarudzo.
- Nzira yekupa mvumo inosanganisira kutora maoko-off approach kune hutungamiri nekubvumira nhengo dzeboka kuti dziite huzhinji hwezvisarudzo.
- Blanchard's SLII uhu hutungamiri: Pave paya, Blanchard akawedzerwa pamuenzaniso wekutanga weHersey neBlanchard kuti asimbise kuti ruzivo rwekuvandudza uye unyanzvi hwevadzidzi hunoita sei chimiro chinofanira kushandiswa nevatungamiri. Blanchard akarondedzerawo maitiro mana okudzidza akasiyana, anosanganisira:
- Nzira yekufambisa inosanganisira kupa mirairo uye kutarisira kuteerera asi inopa zvishoma munzira yekutungamira uye rubatsiro.
- Nzira yekudzidzira inoreva kupa mirairo yakawanda, asi vatungamiri vanopawo zvakawanda zvekutsigirwa.
- Nzira yekutsigira ndiyo nzira inopa rubatsiro rukuru, asi zvishoma zvishoma.
- Nzira yekupa mvumo yakaderera mune zvose zviri kutungamira nekusigirwa.
> Sources:
> Bass BM, Bass R. The Bass Handbook of Leadership: Nyanzvi, Tsvakurudzo, uye Mahofisi Mazano. 4th ed. New York: Free Press; 2008.
> Hersey P, Blanchard KH. Kutungamira kweHurongwa hweHurumende-Kushandisa Zvigadzirwa zvevanhu. New Jersey / Prentice Hall; 1969.
> Hersey P, Blanchard KH. Upenyu Purogiramu Yeutungamiri. Kudzidzira uye Kuvandudza Journal . 1969; 23 (5): 26-34.
> Lewin K, Lippitt R, White RK. Maitiro eUkuita Nesimba muIndangariro Yakasikwa Social Climate . Journal of Social Psychology. May 1939; 10 (2): 271-301.