Iyo yakarongeka yekushandiswa kwekutanga ndiyo yechina uye yekupedzisira yechitendero chaJean Piaget yenhaurirano yekuziva . The emerging abstract thought and hypothetical reasoning mark this phase of development.
Panguva ino mukurudzirwa, kufunga kunowedzera zvakaoma uye zvakapfuura. Vana vanogona kufunga pamusoro pezvinyorwa uye maonero ezvinyorwa uye kushandisa pfungwa kuti vauye nemagadzirirwo ekugadzirisa matambudziko.
Dzidza zvakawanda pamusoro pezvimwe zviitiko zvinokosha uye zviitiko zvinowanzoitika panguva iyi yekuvandudzwa kwepfungwa.
Zviratidzo zveGadziriro yeMabasa
- Nzira yepamutemo yekushanda inotanga paanenge makore gumi nemaviri uye inopera kuva munhu mukuru.
- Munguva ino, vanhu vanokudziridza mano ekufunga nezvemashoko asina musoro.
- Unyanzvi hwakadai semafungiro anonzwisisika, kufungidzira kunobatsira, uye kurongwa kwakarongeka kunobudawo panguva iyi.
Piaget Yakarongeka Sei Yakashandiswa?
Piaget akaedza kushandiswa kushandiswa kwepfungwa nenzira dzakasiyana siyana:
Rimwe basa raisanganisira kuva nevana vemakore akasiyana-siyana akaenzana nechiyero kuburikidza nekucheka zviyero pamagumo ose. Kuti kuenzanise zviyero, vana vaifanira kunzwisisa kuti zvose kusima kwezviyereso uye kure kure kubva pakati zvakatora basa.
Vana vaduku vanopoteredza makore 3 ne5 vakanga vasina kukwanisa kupedzisa basa nokuti vakanga vasinganzwisisi pfungwa yekuenzanisa.
Vakomana vane makore manomwe vaiziva kuti vanogona kugadzirisa chiyero kuburikidza nekuisa zviremba pamagumo ose, asi vakakundikana kunzwisisa kuti pavanoisa zviyero zvakakosha zvakare. Nezera remakore gumi nemana, vana vaifunga nzvimbo pamwe nekurema asi vaifanira kusvika pamhinduro yakarurama vachishandisa kuedza-uye-kukanganisa. Yakanga isiri iyo kusvika makore makumi mapfumbamwe nemapfumbamwe kuti vana vashandise manyolo kuti vagadzirise pfungwa pamusoro pekuisa kwaanoita zviyereso kuti zvienzanise chikero uye vozadzisa basa racho.
Mune kumwe kuedza kwepfungwa yakarongeka yekushanda, Piaget akakumbira vana kuti vafungidzire kuti vangada kuisa chechitatu cheziso kana vane imwe. Vechidiki vaduku vakati vaizoisa ziso rechitatu rinofungidzira pakati pehuma yavo. Vana vakwegura, zvisinei, vakakwanisa kuuya nemhando dzakasiyana dzekusika maonero pamusoro pekuisa nzvimbo iyi yekufungidzira uye nzira dzakasiyana ziso rinogona kushandiswa. Ziso riri pakati peumwe ruoko raizobatsira kutarisa kumativi ose. Ziso kumusana wemusoro wako zvinogona kubatsira kubatsira kuona zviri kuitika kumashure. Pfungwa dzakadaro dzekusika dzinomiririra kushandiswa kwezvinyorwa nekufungidzira, zvose zvakakosha zviratidzo zvepfungwa yekushanda.
Logic
Piaget aifunga kuti kufunga kwakaderera kwakave kwakakodzera munguva yepamutemo yekushanda. Kuchinja kwemashoko kunoda kukwanisa kushandisa mutemo mukuru kuti uone chimwe chiitiko. Sayenzi uye masvomhu zvinowanzoda rudzi urwu rwekufunga pamusoro pemamiriro ekufungidzira uye pfungwa.
Abstract Thought
Nepo vana vanogara vachifunga zvakanyanya uye zvakananga mumatanho ekutanga, kukwanisa kufunga pamusoro pezvinyorwa zvisinganzwisisiki zvinobuda panguva yepamutemo yekushanda.
Panzvimbo pokuvimba chete nezvakaitika kare, vana vanotanga kufunga nezvezvinobudirira zvinoguma nemigumisiro yezviito. Iko mafungiro akakosha mukuronga kwenguva refu.
Dambudziko-Kugadzirisa
Mumatanho ekutanga, vana vakashandisa kuedza-uye-kukanganisa kugadzirisa zvinetso . Munguva yepamutemo yekushanda sendima, kukwanisa kugadzirisa zvakakwana dambudziko nenzira yakananga uye inogadziriswa inobuda. Vana vari panhandare yepamusoro yekugadzirwa kwepfungwa vanowanzogadzirira kuronga nzira yakarongwa yekugadzirisa dambudziko.
Zvimwe Zviratidzo zveGadziriro Inoshandiswa Pakati
Piaget akatenda kuti izvo zvaaireva kuti "kufungidzira-kuderedza pfungwa" zvakakosha panguva iyi yekuvandudzwa kweunyanzvi.
Panguva ino, vechidiki vanogona kufunga pamusoro pezvinyorwa uye pfungwa dzisinganzwisisiki. Vanowanzofungisisa "chii-kana" mamiriro ezvinhu nemibvunzo uye vanogona kufunga pamusoro pemhinduro dzakawanda kana zvinogoneka.
Kunyange vana vari muchitsauko chekare ( concrete maitiro ) vari kunyanya mumafungiro avo, vana vari mubasa rekushanda rakagadzikana vanowedzera kubatisisa mukufunga kwavo. Vanokurawo izvo zvinozivikanwa sekuti metacognition, kana kukwanisa kufunga nezvemafungiro avo uyewo pfungwa dzevamwe.
Mherechedzo Pamusoro peGadziriro yeMabasa
- "Iyo yakagadziriswa inofungidzira inokwanisa kukwanisa kugadzirisa zvirongwa zvakasiyana-siyana zvechinetso chisati chaita.Izvi zvinoita kuti zviwedzere kubudirira, nokuti munhu wacho anogona kudzivisa kuedza kusakundikana kuedza kugadzirisa chinetso.Ayo munhu anoshanda zvakarongeka anofunga zvakaitika kare, zvaanoda zvino, uye remangwana migumisiro mukuedza kuwedzera kubudirira kwekuchinja kwake kunyika. "
(Salkind, 2004) - "Munharaunda yepamutemo yekushanda, chaiyo (concrete) zvinhu hazvisati zvichishandiswa uye maitiro epfungwa anogona kuitwa 'mumusoro' achishandisa mazwi akajeka.Kuenzaniso, vana vari panhanho iyi vanogona kupindura mibvunzo yakadai sokuti: 'kana iwe uchigona kufungidzira chimwe chinhu yakaumbwa nezviyero zviviri, uye chinhu chose chinoramba chichifanana kana imwe yakawanda, chii chinoitika kune yechipiri? ' Mhando iyi yekufunga inogona kuitwa pasina kufunga nezvezvinhu chaiwo. "
(Brain & Mukherji, 2005)
> Sources:
> Bongo, C., & Mukherji, P. (2005). Kunzwisisa vana zvepfungwa. Zimbabwe: Nelson Thornes.
> Piaget, J. (1977). Gruber, HE; Voneche, JJ eds. Iyo inokosha Piaget. New York: Basic Books.
> Piaget, J. (1983). Pfungwa yePiaget. MuP. Mussen (ed). Handbook of Child Psychology. 4th edition. Vol. 1. New York: Wiley.
> Salkind, NJ (2004). Nheyo yezvinyorwa zvekusimudzirwa kwevanhu. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.
> Santrock, John W. (2008). Nzira yekufungidzira kuhupenyu hwekukura kwemazuva (4 ed.). New York City: McGraw-Hill.