Mafiripi ndiwo mhando yezvinodhaka zvinodhaka izvo zvinoita sezvinodzvinyirira pane inonzi central nervous system (CNS). Maorivhi anobva ku opium, anogona kubudiswa zvakasikwa kubva pamiti yepoppy kana yakabva kune-semi-synthetic alkaloids.
Mamwe emaopiates anozivikanwa zvikuru anosanganisira:
- Prescription painkillers
- Morphine (Kadian, Avinza)
- Codeine
- Hydrocodone (Vicodin)
- Oxycodone (OxyContin, Percocet)
- Heroin
Nhamba pamusoro peOpiate Kushandisa nekushungurudza
Nzira yekushandisa inosvika pakukwira kwenyika, saka zvinogona kuuya kusishamisi kuti kushungurudzwa uye kusagadzikana kwezvinhu zvakadaro zvakawedzerwa mumakore achangopfuura. Maererano neNational Institute on Drug Abuse:
- Muna 2013, opiate painkillers vakanyorerwa kanopfuura mamiriyoni 200 nguva.
- Pakati pevanhu vane mamiriyoni makumi maviri nemaviri nemakumi matatu nemasere munyika yose vanoshandisa marashi.
- Vanhu vanopfuura mamiriyoni maviri muUnited States vanotambura nezvinetso zvekushandisa zvinodhaka zvakabatana nekushungurudzwa kweapiate painkillers.
- Vanenge hafu yemamiriyoni eUnited States vanodhakwa heroin.
- Muna 2010, kunyanya kushandiswa kweapiate painkillers kwakaguma muna 17 000 vakafa muUnited States.
- IAmerican Society of Addiction Medicine inoshuma kuti vanenge 75 muzana yevanhu vose vanotambura neapioid chirwere chinokonzera chirwere vanopedzisira vachinjira heroin sechinhu chinodhura chine maori.
Maapipi Anobatsira Sei Ubongo?
Vose vanhu nemhuka vane opiate receptors muuropi.
Izvi zvinogamuchirwa zviito sezviito zvezviito zvemarudzi akasiyana eapiates akadai se heroin uye morphine.
Chikonzero icho uropi huine nzvimbo idzi dzinogamuchirwa ndeyekuvapo kwekupedzisira (mukati) neurotransmitter iyo inoshanda pane idzi nzvimbo dzinogamuchirwa uye dzinobudisa mhinduro mumuviri wakafanana neaya opiate zvinodhaka.
Mafiripi anobata nekusunga kune zvakagadziriswa muuropi , saka vanofananidza migumisiro yekurwadziwa-kununura makemikari anogadzirwa zvakasikwa. Iyi mishonga inosungirirwa kuti iite opiate receptors muuropi, mutsipa weropa, uye dzimwe nzvimbo mumuviri. Nokusunga kune izvi zvinogamuchirwa, vanovhara maonero ekurwadziwa. Mafiripi anokwanisa kudzivisa kurwadziwa uye kuita kuti manzwiro ehupenyu huve zvakanaka, asi anogonawo kukonzera migumisiro yakaita seyeusea, kuvhiringidzika, nekutsumwa.
Mukuwedzera pakuderedza marwadzo, opiates inogona kutungamirira kumanzwiro euphoria. Kunyange zvazvo vachiwanzobudirira mukurapa marwadzo, vanhu vanogona kuguma nekutsungirira kwemishonga iyi, saka vanoda madhigirii akakwirira kuti vaite zvakafanana. Sezvo migumisiro yeapiate zvinodhaka zvinowedzera kuvhiringidzika, vanhu vanogona kutanga kutora kuwedzera kukura maitiro kuti vawane marwadzo akafanana-kubvisa zvinetso uye kuderedza zviratidzo zvekuregera. Zviratidzo zvekuvhara ropa zvinogona kusanganisira kushungurudzika, masimba aches, kushungurudzika, kusuruvara, kuputika kwemhino, kushungurudza, kusuruvara, uye kubvisa pamuviri.
Chii chinokonzera mavara ezvinyorwa zvinogona kunge zvine ngozi? Nemhaka yokuti inobata uropi nenzira yakafanana sa heroin ne morphine, vanopa dambudziko rekudhakwa, kunyanya kushandiswa, uye kudarika.
Vamwe vanhu vanogona kutotengesa kana vachivatora sezvakanyorwa, asi njodzi dzinogona kuwedzerwa nekusavatora sezvinorayirwa kana nekuzvibatanidza nezvimwe zvinhu zvinosanganisira doro uye mamwe madhiragi.
Anofungidzirwa vanhu vane mamiriyoni zana muUnited States vanotambura nemamwe marwadzo asingagumi. Urombo hweopioid hunosimbiswa hunowanzotarisirwa kuti uite marwadzo ane chokuita nekukuvara, kurwadziwa kwepfungwa, uye kurwadziwa shure. Kutsvakurudza kunoratidza kuti kana kutorwa sezvinotungamirirwa, havakwanisi kutungamirira kudhakwa kana kuwedzeresa.
Vanhu vanoshandisa maopiates kuti vadzidzise kurwadziwa vanofanira kutaura nehutano hwavo hwehutano kana vachidavira kuti vangave varikudzivirira kushivirira kana kukanganisa.
References
American Society of Addition Medicine. (2015). Opioid inodhaka chirwere: 2015 nhamba nematafura. Kudzorerwa kubva ku http://www.asam.org/docs/default-source/advocacy/opioid-addiction-disease-facts-figures.pdf
Volkow, ND (2014). Kutadza kweAmerica kune opioid: Heroin uye mishonga yekushandisa zvinodhaka zvinodhaka. Uchapupu kuCongress. National Institute on Drug Abuse. Kudzorerwa kubva ku http://www.drugabuse.gov/about-nida/legislative-activities/testimony-to-congress/2015/americas-addiction-to-opioids-heroin-prescription-drug-abuse