Maitiro avanoita, zvakasiyana-siyana, uye nei vachikosha
A neurotransmitter inotsanangurwa semakemikari nhume inotakura, kuwedzera, uye kuenzanisa zviratidzo pakati peeurons , kana masero emagetsi, uye mamwe masero mumuviri. Aya maikemikari vatumwa anogona kukanganisa zvakasiyana-siyana zvepanyama uye zvepfungwa zvinoshanda zvinosanganisira kutara kwemwoyo, kurara, chido, manzwiro, uye kutya. Mabhiriyoni eurotransmitter anoshanda nguva dzose kuchengetedza ubongo hwedu hushanda, kutarisira zvinhu zvose kubva pakufema kwedu kusvika pamwoyo yedu kudzidza kwedu nekufungisisa.
Nzira dzeEurotransmitters dzinoshanda sei
Kuti neuroni dzitumire mharidzo mumuviri wose, dzinoda kukwanisa kutaurirana pamwe chete kuti dziparidze zviratidzo. Zvisinei, neuroni haisi kungobatanidzwa kune mumwe. Pakuguma kweeuron imwe neimwe gapana duku rinonzi synapse uye kuitira kuti taurirane nesero rinotevera, chiratidzo chinofanira kukwanisa kudarika nzvimbo iyi duku. Izvi zvinoitika kuburikidza nehutano hunonzi neurotransmission.
Muzviitiko zvakawanda, neurotransmitter inosunungurwa kubva kune izvo zvinozivikanwa sevhesiyo yexx mushure mekuita kwechiito chinogona kusvika pane synapse, nzvimbo iyo inonzi neurons inogona kutumira mazita kune mumwe.
Apo chiratidzo chemagetsi chinosvika kumagumo e-neuron, inokonzera kusunungurwa kwezviduku zviduku zvinonzi vesicles zvine maurotransmitter. Aya mabhegi anodhura zviri mukati mawo mumusasa, uko mapurogiramu emhepo anobva apfuura nepakati pepakati kumasero akavakidzana.
Aya masero ane zvinyorwa apo maurotransmitter anogona kusunga uye kutamisa kuchinja mumasero.
Mushure mokunge wasunungurwa, chirwere chinonzi neurotransmitter chinoyambuka ganda re synaptic uye rinobatanidza kunzvimbo yekugamuchira pane imwe yeuroni, inofadza kana kuti inodzivisa kugamuchira neuron zvichienderana nezvinoitwa neurotransmitter.
Ivourotransmitters vanoita sechinhu chinokosha uye nzvimbo yekugamuchira nzvimbo sekivha. Zvinotora kiyi yakakodzera kuti uzarure mahwisi akajeka. Kana iyo neurotransmitter inokwanisa kushanda pane nzvimbo yekugamuchira, iyo inokonzera kuchinja mune yekugamuchira sero.
Dzimwe nguva mapurogiramu eurotransmitter anokwanisa kusunga kumabato uye anoita kuti chiratidzo chemagetsi chiparidzirwe pasi pasi (chekuita). Mune zvimwe zviitiko, neurotransmitter inogona kudzivisa chiratidzo chacho kuti chirambe chichienderera mberi, kudzivirira kuti shoko rirambe richiendeswa mberi (kurega).
Saka chii chinoitika kumusana wemhepo pashure pokunge basa rayo rapera? Kana kambani iyo yeurotransmitter yakave yakagadzirwa, basa rayo rinogona kumiswa nenzira dzakasiyana.
- Inogona kusvibiswa kana kusadzimiswa nemakemikari
- Inogona kukwakuka kubva kune rekugamuchira
- Iyo inogona kutorwa zvakare neye axon ye-neuron iyo yakabudisa iyo muchiito chinonzi reuptake
Neurotransmitter inobata basa guru muupenyu hwezuva nezuva nekushanda. Masayendisiti haasati aziva chaizvo kuti vangani vemaurotransmitter varipo, asi vanopfuura zana emakemikari vakaonekwa.
Zvinonzi Neurotransmitter Do
Neurotransmitters inogona kusarudzwa nemabasa avo:
Zvinoshamisira neurotransmitters: Izvozvi mapoka ezvematongerwo enyika anokonzera migumisiro pane neuron, zvinoreva kuti inowedzera mukana wekuti neuron inopisa chiito chinogona kuita.
Mamwe emakwikwi makuru ekudzivirira neurotransmitter anosanganisira epinephrine uye norepinephrine.
Inhibitory neurotransmitters: Aya marudzi eurotransmitter ane zvipingamupinyi zvinopesana neuroni; vanoderedza mikana yokuti neuron ichapedza chiito chinogona. Zvimwe zvemashure makuru ekudzivirira mapurogiramu emhepo zvinosanganisira serotonin uye gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA).
Dzimwe nyanzvi dzemaurotransmitter, dzakadai saacetylcholine uye dopamine, dzinogona kusimbisa zvose zvinokonzera uye zvisingabatsiri zvinokonzerwa nemhando yezvinogamuchirwa zviripo.
Modulatory neurotransmitters: Aya maurotransmitter, anowanzozivikanwa seanauromodulators, anokwanisa kuchinja nhamba yakawanda yeuroni panguva imwe chete.
Izvo zvinokonzerwa neoromodulator zvinokonzerawo migumisiro yeimwe makemikari vatumwa. Apo syntaptic neurotransmitters inosunungurwa ne-axon terminals kuti iite zvinokurumidza kushanda kune dzimwe saroni neurons, neuromodulator inopararira munzvimbo huru uye inotora-inoshanda.
Mhando dzeEurotransmitters
Pane nzira dzakasiyana-siyana dzekugadzirisa uye kuisa maitiro neurotransmitters. Mune zvimwe zviitiko, zvinongoraridzana kuva monoamines, amino acids, uye peptides.
Neurotransmitters inogonawo kuiswa mune imwe yemhando mitanhatu:
Amino Acids
- Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) inoshanda sechiremera chemuviri chemakemikari. GABA inobatsira pakuona, kudzivirira motokari, uye inotora basa mukugadzirisa kwekuzvidya mwoyo. Benzodiazepines, iyo inoshandiswa kubatsira kubata kushushikana, kushanda nekuwedzera kukwanisa kweGABA neurotransmitters, iyo inogona kuwedzera manzwiro ekuzorodza nekudzikama.
- Glutamate ndiyo inonzi neurotransmitter yakawanda kwazvo inowanikwa munhurongwa hwemagandanga iyo inobatanidzwa mukugadzirisa pfungwa dzakadai sekuyeuka nekudzidza . Kuwedzeredza kwegutamate kunogona kuita excitotoxicity zvichiita kuti cellular kufa. Izvi zvinokonzerwa ne-glutamate build-up zvinosanganiswa nedzimwe zvirwere uye kukuvadzwa kwepfungwa, kusanganisira chirwere cheAlzheimer, chirwere chepfungwa, uye kuora mwoyo kwekufa.
Peptides
- Oxytocin inonzi hormone uye neurotransmitter. Iyo inobudiswa ne hypothalamus uye inoita basa mukuzivikanwa kwevanhu, kubatana, uye kubereka zvepabonde. Synthetic oxytocin yakadai sePacocin inowanzoshandiswa seyamura mubasa nekurera. Yose oxytocin uye Pitocin inokonzera chibereko ichi kubvumirana munguva yebasa.
- Endorphins mapurogiramu eurotransmitter kupfuura inhibit kuendesa kwezvirwere zvinorwadza uye kukurudzira manzwiro euphoria. Idzi makemikari vatumwa vanobudiswa zvakasununguka nemuviri mukupindura marwadzo, asi vanogonawo kutotanga nemamwe mabasa akadai seaerobic exercise. Somuenzaniso, kuona "mumhanyi ari kumusoro" muenzaniso wekunakidza manzwiro anokonzerwa nekugadzirwa kwe endorphins.
Monoamines
- Epinephrine inonzi inonzi hormone uye neurotransmitter. Kazhinji, epinephrine (adrenaline) inodzvinyirira hormone inosunungurwa neadrenal system. Kunyange zvakadaro, inoshanda senhengo yehutano muuropi.
- Norepinephrine inonzi neurotransmitter iyo inotora basa rinokosha mukuchenjerera inobatanidzwa mukurwiswa kwemuviri kana kupindura kwechikwata . Basa rayo nderokubatsira kubatanidza muviri uye uropi kuita chimwe chinhu munguva dzengozi kana kushungurudzika. Nhamba dzeeurotransmitter iyi inowanzoperera panguva yekurara uye yakakwirira munguva dzekunetseka.
- Histamine inoshanda seyourotransmitter muuropi uye musipinha. Inobatsira pakuita zvinokonzerwa uye inogadzirwa sechikamu chemaitiro ezvirwere zvekudzivirirwa kwezvirwere kumagadzirirwo.
- Dopamine inotora basa rinokosha pakubatana kwemuviri. Dopamine inobatanidzwawo mumubairo, kukurudzira, uye kuwedzera. Mhando dzakawanda dzemishonga inodhaka dzinowedzera dopamine mazinga muuropi. Chirwere chePacinsinson, icho chirwere chinopisa chinokonzera kudengenyeka kwemhepo uye kufamba kwemhepo, kunokonzerwa nokurasikirwa kweiopopine-inogadzira neuron muuropi.
- Serotonin ine basa rinokosha pakuronga nekugadzirisa mafungiro, kurara, kuzvidya mwoyo, zvepabonde, uye chido. Kusarura serotonin reuptake inhibitors , kazhinji inonzi inonzi SSRIs, inorudzi rwemishonga inopesana nemanzwiro inowanzogadziriswa kuti itaradze kuora mwoyo, kuzvidya mwoyo, panic disorder, uye panic kutambudza. SSRIs inoshanda kuenzanisa maitiro e serotonin nekuvhara reuptake ye serotonin muuropi, iyo inogona kubatsira kugadzirisa mafungiro uye kuderedza kunzwa kwekuzvidya mwoyo.
Purines
- Adenosine inoshanda seyeuromodulator muuropi uye inobatanidzwa mukudzivisa kumutsa nekuvandudza kurara.
- Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) inoshanda senyanzvi yemutsipa mukati mehutano nehutachiona hwemagetsi . Inobatanidzwa mukudzivirira kuzvigadzirisa, kutengesa kunzwisisika, nekukurukurirana nemagetsi emasero. Kutsvakurudza kunoratidza kuti inogona kunge ine chikamu mune zvimwe zvinetso zvepfungwa zvinosanganisira kurwadziwa, kushungurudzika, uye neurodegenerative disorders.
Gasotransmitters
- Nitric oxide inobatanidzwa mukukanganisa kusvibiswa kwemisumbu, kuvadzimisa kuti vabvumira mitsipa yeropa kuwedzera uye kuwedzera kubuda kweropa kune dzimwe nzvimbo dzomuviri.
- Carbon monoxide inowanzozivikanwa segomba risingaverengeki, risingasviki rinogona kuva nehupfu uye zvinogona kuuraya kana vanhu vaine huwandu hwakanyanya hwezvinhu. Zvisinei, inogadzirwawo zvakasununguka nemuviri umo inoshanda seurourotransmitter iyo inobatsira kugadzirisa kupisa kwemuviri kunopisa.
Acetylcholine
- Acetylcholine ndiyo chete yeurotransmitter mukirasi yayo. Inowanikwa mune zvose zviri pakati nepakati pechirwere zvirwere, ndiyo inonyanya kushandisa neurotransmitter inobatanidza motori neurons. Inobatanidzwa mumasimba ekufamba uye pamwe nekuyeuka nekudzidza.
Chii Chinoitika Apo Neurotransmitters Haiti Kushanda Zvakarurama
Sezvo nemitemo yakawanda yemuviri, zvinhu zvinogona dzimwe nguva kumira. Zvichida hazvishamisi kuti hurongwa hwakakura uye hwakaoma sezvo sangano revanhu rinotyisa rinogona kuve nematambudziko.
Zvishoma zvezvinhu zvinogona kuitika zvisina kunaka zvinosanganisira:
- Neurons inogona kusakwanisa kukwana zvakakwana neurotransmitter
- Zvakawanda zveeurotransmitter chaiyo zvinogona kusunungurwa
- Madzimai akawanda anokonzerwa neurotransmitter angave asina kushandiswa nemakemikari
- Neurotransmitters inogona kubviswa zvakare nokukurumidza
Apo neurotransmitter inokanganiswa nechirwere kana zvinodhaka, zvinogona kuve nezviitiko zvakasiyana zvakasiyana zvakasiyana pamuviri. Zvirwere zvakadai seAlzheimer's, epilepsy , uye Parkinson zvinosanganiswa nezvisina kukwana mune dzimwe nyanzvi dzemaurotransmitter.
Vashandi vezvehutano vanoziva basa iro vanodzivirira neurotransmitter vanogona kutamba muhutano hwepfungwa, ndicho chikonzero mishonga inobatsira zviito zvemuviri wemakemikari vatumwa inowanzogadzirirwa kubatsira kubata zvakasiyana-siyana zvepfungwa .
Semuenzaniso, dopamine inobatanidzwa nezvinhu zvakadai sekurwisa uye schizophrenia. Serotonin inobatsira mune zvinetso zvepfungwa, kusanganisira kuora mwoyo uye OCD. Zvinodhaka, zvakadai seSRRIs, zvinogona kurongerwa navanachiremba nevarapi vepfungwa kuti vabatsire kubata zviratidzo zvekuora mwoyo kana kufunganya. Mishonga dzimwe nguva inoshandiswa iri yoga, asi inogonawo kushandiswa pamwe chete nedzimwe mishonga inorapa kusanganisira cognitive-behavioral therapy .
Zvinodhaka Zvinokanganisa Neurotransmitters
Zvichida kushandiswa kunonyanya kushandiswa kwekutsvaga uye kunzwisisa kwakanyatsojeka kwekuti maitiro eurotransmitter ave ari kukura kwezvinodhaka zvinokonzera kutengesa kemikemikari. Iyi mishonga inokwanisa kugadzirisa migumisiro yeveurotransmitters, iyo inogona kuderedza zviratidzo zveimwe zvirwere.
- Agonist vs vanopikisa: Mimwe mishonga inozivikanwa segonist uye inoshanda kuburikidza nekuwedzera migumisiro yevanokonzera maurotransmitter. Mamwe madhiragi uye anotumidzwa sevanopikisana uye vanoita kuti vadzivise migumisiro yehutachiona.
- Kutarisa kana zvinokanganisa zvakajeka: Izvi zvinodhaka-neuro-zvinodhaka zvinogona kunge zvakaputsika pasi zvichienderana nokuti zvine zvakananga kana zvisingaenzaniswi. Izvo zvinoshanda zvakananga zvinoshanda nekutevedzera maurotransmitter nokuti zvakafanana zvikuru mumakemikari akaumbwa. Izvo zvinenge zvisinganzwisisiki basa kuburikidza nekuita pamashiripiti ekugamuchira.
Zvinodhaka zvinogona kukanganisa kusagadzikana kunosanganisira mishonga inoshandiswa kurapa chirwere kusanganisira kuora mwoyo uye kuzvidya mwoyo, zvakadai seSSSRIs, trycyclic antidepressants, uye benzodiazepines .
Zvinodhaka zvisina kukodzera zvakadai se heroin, cocaine, uye marijuana zvinewo zvazvinoita pakutsvaga neurotransmission. Heroin inobata seanoron-agonist achiruramisa, achienzanisa maopioid epopi ehupi zvakakwana kukurudzira maitiro avo anogamuchirwa. Kokaineini muenzaniso wechinhu chisingazivikanwi-chinoshandisa mishonga chinokonzera kutapurirwa kwedopamine.
Kuziva Neurotransmitters
Icho chaicho chaicho chinozivikanwa neurotransmitter chinogona kunyanya kuoma. Kunyange zvazvo masayendisiti anokwanisa kuona vesicles ane neurotransmitters, achiziva kuti makemikari akachengetwa mu vesicles haasi nyore nyore.
Nemhaka yeizvi, masayendisiti akashandisa nhungamiro yakawanda yekugadzirisa kana kwete ikemikari inofanira kutsanangurwa seyurotransmitter:
- Iyo makemikari inofanira kubudiswa mukati meNeuron.
- Izvo zvakakosha zvinokonzerwa nemakemikari zvinofanira kunge zviripo mu neuron.
- Iko kunofanirwa kuve kwakakwana yemakemikari iripo kuti ive nemigumisiro pane postsynaptic neuron.
- Kemikemikari inofanira kusunungurwa ne presynaptic neuron, uye ne-postsynaptic neuron inofanira kuva nemagetsi ayo ikemikisi ichasunga.
- Panofanira kuva ne reuptake mechanism kana enzyme inoita iyo inomisa chiito chemakemikari.
Shoko Rinobva
Neurotransmitters inotora basa rakakosha mukukurukurirana kwevashandisi, kuchinja zvinhu zvose kubva pakushamwaridzana kunobatsira pakudzidza mafungiro. Iyi nzira yose yakaoma uye yakabatana zvikuru. Neurotransmitters vanoita nenzira dzakasiyana, asi vanogonawo kugadziriswa nehosha, zvinodhaka, kana kunyange zviito zveimwe makemikari vatumwa.
> Sources:
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> Kring, A M., Johnson, SL, Davison, GC, & Neale, J M. Abnormmal psychology . Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons; 2010.
> Magon, N & Kalra, S. Nhoroondo yakaoma ye oxytocin: Rudo, kuchiva uye kushanda. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2011; 15: S156-S161. doi: 10.4103 / 2230-8210.84851.
> Verkhratsky, A & Krishtal, OA. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) senyanzvi yemhepo. Muna Encyclopedia of Neuroscience, 4th Ed. Elsevier: 115-123; 2009.