Mazinga Okukudziridza Maitiro
Vanhu vanokudziridza sei tsika? Mubvunzo uyu wakafadza vabereki, vatungamiriri vezvitendero, uye vazivi vezvemakore kwemakore, asi kubudirira kwetsika kwakavawo chinhu chinopisa-chinetso mune zvose zvepfungwa uye dzidzo. Ko vabereki kana hutungamiri hwemagariro evanhu vanoita basa guru mukufambira mberi kwetsika? Ko vana vose vanokudziridza mutsika nenzira dzakafanana here?
Imwe yedzidziso dzinonyanya kuzivikanwa yekuongorora mamwe emibvunzo iyi inokosha yakagadzirwa nemunhu wepfungwa anonzi Lawrence Kohlberg.
Basa rake rakashandura uye rakapararira pabasa raJohn Piaget rakapfuura kuti rive nharo yakatsanangura kuti vana vanokudziridza sei mafungiro ekufunga.
Piaget akatsanangura nzira mbiri dzekutsvaga kwetsika kana Kohlberg nheyo yekuvandudza mitemo yakarondedzera zvikamu zvitanhatu mukati mezvikamu zvitatu zvakasiyana. Kohlberg akawedzera ruzivo rwaPiaget, achitaura kuti kukura kwetsika kunongoramba kuripo kunowanikwa mukati mehupenyu hwose.
Mumakore achangobva kupfuura, dzidziso yaKobergberg yakatsoropodzwa seyekuMadokero-centric nechisarudzo kuvanhu (iye ainyanya kushandisa nyaya dzekutsvakurudza dzevanhu) uye nekuva nepfungwa shoma yepamusoro yepamusoro-kati-yepamusoro-purogiramu yehutano hurongwa uye maonero.
Heinz Dilemma: Nzira yeKohlberg kuChidzidzo cheKutaura Kwetsika
Kohlberg akatevedzera nheyo yake pamusoro pezvikonzero zvakasiyana-siyana zvemitemo akaiswa kune avo vatori vechikamu uye ivo vakabvunzurudzwawo kuti vaone chikonzero kubva shure kwekutonga kwechiitiko chimwe nechimwe.
Mumwe muenzaniso waiti "Heinz Steals Drug." Muchiitiko ichi, mukadzi ane kenza uye vanachiremba vanotenda chete chirwere chimwe chete chinogona kumuponesa. Ichi chiremba chakanga chakawanikwa nemumwe wemasvomhu uye iye akakwanisa kuzviita madhora mazana maviri nemadhora uye achizvitengesa madhora 2 000 pamutengo. Murume wemukadzi uyu, Heinz, aigona kungokwidza $ 1 000 kuti atenge chiremba.
Akaedza kutaurirana nemudzimai wemishonga nemutengo wakaderera kana kuwedzerwa chikwereti kuti abhadhara nokuda kwekufamba kwenguva. Asi mutori wemasitori haana kuda kutengesa iyo chero ipi zvayo kana kubvuma chikwereti chakanaka. Akadzoka, Heinz akapinda mu pharmacy ndokuba chirwere ichi kuti aponese mudzimai wake. Kohlberg akabvunza, "Murume anofanira kunge akazviita here?"
Kohlberg akanga asina kufarira zvikuru mubvunzo wekupindura mibvunzo kana Heinz akanga asina kunaka kana kuti akarurama asi mukufunga kwechisarudzo cheumwe nomumwe. Mhinduro dzacho dzakagoverwa muzvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana zvekufungidzira munyanzvi yake yekuvandudza tsika.
Nharaunda 1. Kutangira kweMitemo
Chikamu chekutanga chekuvandudza mutsika, kuteerera, uye kurangwa zvinonyanya kuwanikwa muvana vaduku, asi vanhu vakuru vanogonawo kuratidza mafungiro aya. Panguva ino, Kohlberg anoti, vana vanoona mitemo seyakagadziriswa uye yakakwana. Kuteerera mitemo kwakakosha nokuti ndiyo nzira yekudzivisa kurangwa.
Pamunhu oga uye kugoverana kwekutsvaga kwekuvandudza tsika, vana vanorondedzera humwe humwe pfungwa dzekutarisa nekutonga kwezviito zvichienderana nekushandira kwavanoda. Mune dambudziko reHeinz, vana vakakavadzana kuti nzira yakanakisisa yekuita ndeyokusarudzwa kwakanakisisa-kwakashandira zvinodiwa naHeinz.
Kudzokorora kunogona kuitika panguva ino mukufambira mberi kwetsika, asi kana chete iyo inoshumira zvido zvako.
Nhamba 2. Maitiro Anowirirana
Kazhinji inonzi "mukomana akanaka-mukomana akanaka," hukama hwehukama hwehutano hwakanaka hunotarirwa kurarama maererano nezvinodiwa nevanhu uye mabasa . Pane kusimbiswa pakuenzanirana , kuva "akanaka," nekufungisisa kwekusarudza kusarudzira hukama.
Iyi danho rinotarisa mukuchengetedza hukama hwevanhu. Panguva ino yekukura kwetsika, vanhu vanotanga kufunga sangano sevanhu vose pavanoita kutonga. Chinonyanya kukoshesa kuchengetedza mutemo uye kurongeka nekutevera mitemo, kuita basa rako uye kuremekedza hurumende.
Nhamba 3. Postonventional Morality
Maonero echibvumirano chekambani uye kodzero dzevanhu vanoita kuti vanhu vari munharaunda inotevera vatange kuverenga nyaya dzakasiyana, maonero, uye zvitendero zvevamwe vanhu. Mitemo yemutemo inokosha pakuchengetedza sangano, asi nhengo dzenzanga dzinofanira kubvumirana pane izvi.
Nhamba yekupedzisira yeKohlberg yekufunga kwetsika inobva pane zvisikwa zvose zvepamitemo uye pfungwa dzisinganzwisisiki. Panguva ino, vanhu vanotevedzera maitiro aya emitemo yekutonga, kunyange kana ichipesana nemitemo nemitemo.
Mitsoropodzi yeKohlberg's Theory of Moral Development:
Dzidziso yaKohlberg ine hanya nemafungiro ekuzvibata, asi pane musiyano mukuru pakati pekuziva zvatinofanira kuita maererano nezvatiri kuita. Kufunga kwetsika, saka, hazvingatungamiri kune tsika. Ichi chinongova chimwe chezvizhinji zvekutsoropodza kweKohlberg nheyo.
Vatsoropodzi vakatsanangura kuti Kohlberg nyanzvi yekuvandudza mitsika inonyanya kusimbisa pfungwa yekururamisira paunenge uchisarudza zvisarudzo. Zvinhu zvakadai sokunzwira tsitsi , kutarisira, nemamwe manzwiro aunoita zvinogona kutora chikamu chinokosha pakufunga mafungiro.
Ko inyaya ye Kohlberg inonyanya kusimbisa uzivi hwekuMadokero here? Mitemo yega woga inomiririra kodzero dzevanhu pachake apo tsika dzevanhu vanobatanidzwa dzinomesa kukosha kwevanhu uye nharaunda. Kumabvazuva, masangano evanhu vemunharaunda vanogona kunge vane maonero akasiyana emafungiro ekuti pfungwa yaKohlberg haifungi.
Ko dambudziko raKohberg rakashanda here? Vazhinji vevarume vake vaiva vana vasati vava nemakore gumi nematanhatu avo vakanga vasina ruzivo rwewanano. Idambudziko reHeinz ringangodaro rakanga risingazivikanwi kuti vana ava vanzwisise, uye mamiriro ezvinhu akawanda anoshanda kune zvavanoda zuva nezuva angave akaita kuti zvive zvakasiyana.
Vatsoropodzi veKohlberg, kusanganisira Carol Gilligan, vakaratidza kuti Kohlberg nharo yepabonde yakasarura kubva kune zvepabonde sezvo zvese zvidzidzo muzamu yake yaiva varume. Kohlberg aidavira kuti vakadzi vaiwanzogara vari muchetatu hwekuvandudza mutsika nokuti vanoisa kusimbisa zvakasimba pane zvinhu zvakadai sehukama hwehukama uye hupenyu hwevamwe.
Gilligan panzvimbo pacho akaratidza kuti dzidziso yaKohlberg inonyanya kusimbisa pfungwa dzakadai sehutongi uye hazvikwanise kugadzirisa mafungiro ehutsika akatevedzwa pamitemo nemitemo yekutarisira uye kufungira vamwe.
> Sources:
> Snarey J, Samuelson P. "Dzidzo yemitemo mukunyatsoziva kugadzirisa tsika." MuLP Nucci naD. D. Narvaez (Eds.), Handbook of Moral uye Character Education (pp. 53-79), New York: Routledge 2008.
> Gilligan C. mune rimwe izwi: Psychological Theory uye W ove Mukufambisa . Cambridge: Harvard University Press; 2016.
> Kohlberg L. Kuda kuKunamata Kuenzana kweNzvimbo Yakakwirira Kwazvo yeMitemo Yekutonga. Nhamba yeFizifiyo , 1973 70 (18), 630-646.