Inobatsira Sei Maitiro?
Kuwirirana kunosanganisira kushandura maitiro ako kuitira kuti "uwane" kana kuti "enda" nevanhu vari pedo newe. Mune zvimwe zviitiko, hutano hwemagariro evanhu hunogona kusanganisira kubvumirana kana kuita sehuwandu hwevanhu mune rimwe boka, kana kuti zvinogona kusanganisira kuzvibata nenzira imwechete kuitira kuti ionekwe se "yekare" neboka.
Tsanangudzo
Nyanzvi dzezvepfungwa dzakaronga kushandiswa kwezvinyorwa zvakasiyana-siyana kuti zvibatanidze hutano hwevanhu hunobvumirana huripo.
Chaizvoizvo, kuwirirana kunosanganisira kupa mukundi kweboka. Dzimwe tsanangudzo dzinosanganisira:
- "Kutendeseka ndiyo pfungwa yakawanda uye inoreva kuchinja kupi kwehutano hunokonzerwa nemumwe munhu kana boka, munhu wacho akaita nenzira imwe neimwe nekuda kwesimba kubva kune vamwe." Cherechedza kuti kuwirirana kunongogumira kuhutano hunokonzerwa nevamwe vanhu; rinotaura nezvemigumisiro yevamwe vanhu mumanzwiro emukati semafungiro kana zvitendero ... Kuwirirana kunopindirana nekuteerera nekuteerera nekuti inoreva chero mufambiro unoitika semagumisiro evamwe - kusinei nokuti chii chinokonzera. "
(Breckler, Olson, & Wiggins, Social Psychology Alive, 2006) - "Kuwirirana kunogona kurondedzerwa sekuzvipira kune zvikwata zveboka, chimwe chinhu chinenge tose zvedu tichiita dzimwe nguva Tifunge, somuenzaniso, unoenda neshamwari kuti uone firimu.Uwaisafunga kuti firimu yacho yakanaka, asi Shamwari dzako dzaifunga kuti dzakanga dzakanyatsojeka.Ungave uchiedzwa kuti uzvienzanise nekuzvifananidza kubvumirana nekutonga kwavo pane firimu pane kuva asina kushamisa kunze. " (Eysenck, Psychology: An International Perspective, 2004)
Sei Tichifanira Kuwirirana?
Vatsvakurudzi vakaona kuti vanhu vanobatana nezvikonzero zvakasiyana-siyana. Mune zviitiko zvakawanda, kutarisa kune rimwe boka rega kuti tinyatsoziva maitiro atinofanira kuita zvinogona kubatsira. Vamwe vanhu vangave vane ruzivo rwakakura kana ruzivo kupfuura isu, saka kutevera kutungamirirwa kwavo kunogona kudzidzisa.
Mune mamwe mamiriro ezvinhu, tinowirirana nezvitarisiro zveboka kuitira kuti tisaona kutadza. Iyi tsika inogona kunyanya kusimba mumamiriro ezvinhu apo isu tisiri kunyatsoziva kuti tingaita sei kana kuti zvinotarisirwa zvisinganzwisisiki.
Deutsch naGerard (1955) vakaona zvikonzero zviviri zvinoita kuti vanhu vashandurane: kuchinja kwemashoko uye kushandiswa kwemaitiro.
Simba rinonyanya kuitika rinoitika apo vanhu vanochinja maitiro avo kuti vave vakarurama. Mumamiriro ezvinhu apo tisingatenderi nemhinduro yakarurama, tinowanzoona kune vamwe vanoziva zviri nani uye vane ruzivo uye vanoshandisa mutungamiri wavo semuongorori wezviito zvedu. Munzvimbo yekudzidzira, somuenzaniso, izvi zvinogona kusanganisira kubvumirana nemitongo yeumwe waunodzidza naye waunofunga kuti ane njere.
Chiito chinowanzoitika chinobva kune chido chekudzivisa kurangwa (sekuita maererano nemitemo iri mukirasi kunyange iwe usingabvumirani navo) uye uwane mubayiro (sekuzvibata mune imwe nzira kuitira kuti vanhu vakuitire iwe).
Aina
Sezvakambotaurwa kare, zvinotarisirwa uye zvinyorwa zvemashoko ndezvipi zviviri zvinokosha zvekuenzanisa, asi panewo zvimwe zvikonzero zvekuti tinofananidza. Izvozvi ndezvimwe zvemashoko makuru ekufananidza.
- Kuwirirana kwakasvibiswa kunosanganisira kushandura mafambiro evanhu kuitira kuti uwirirane neboka.
- Kugadziriswa kwemashoko kunoitika kana munhu asina ruzivo uye anotarisa kune boka kuti ave neruzivo uye kutungamirirwa.
- Chiratidzo chinowanikwa apo vanhu vanoenderana nezvinofanirwa kwavari zvichienderana nemabasa avo evanhu. Zimbardo's famous Stanford Prison Experiment muenzaniso wakanaka wevanhu vanochinja mararamiro avo kuitira kuti vakwanise kuita maitiro avo anotarisirwa.
- Kuteerera kunosanganisira kushandura mafambiro evanhu asi vachiri kupindira mukati memapoka eboka.
- Kufambira mberi kunoitika patinoshandura maitiro edu nokuti tinoda kuva semumwe munhu.
Kutsvakurudza uye Ongororo
Kuwirirana chimwe chinhu chinoitika nguva dzose mumagariro edu enyika. Dzimwe nguva tinoziva maitiro edu, asi mumatambudziko mazhinji, zvinoitika pasina kufunga kukuru kana kuziva pane zvikamu zvedu. Mune zvimwe zviitiko, tinoenda pamwe nezvinhu zvatisingawirirani kana kuzvibata nenzira dzatinoziva kuti hatifaniri. Zvimwe zvezvizivikanwe zvakanyatsozivikanwa pamusoro pepfungwa yekutenderana zvinosangana nevanhu vanofamba pamwe neboka, kunyange kana vachiziva kuti boka racho harina kunaka.
- Jenness's 1932 Kuedza: Mune imwe yedzidzo yekutanga yekuenzanisa, Jenness akabvunza vatori vechikamu kuti vaenzanise nhamba yehairi muhombodo. Ivo vakatanga kuenzanisa nhamba yacho pachavo uye gare gare seboka. Mushure mekunge vabvunzwa seboka, ivo vakabva vabvunzwa zvakare mumwe nomumwe uye vakaedza vakawana kuti maonero avo akachinja kubva pakufungidzira kwavo kwepakutanga kusvika kune izvo dzimwe nhengo dzeboka dzainge dzafungidzira.
- Sherif's Autokinetic Effect Ongororo: Muzvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana zvekuedza, Muzafer Sherif akabvunza vatori vechikamu kuti vaenzanise kuti nzvimbo yakadini yechiedza chiri muchitsiko chemafa chakatama. Muzvokwadi, dot racho rakanga rakanyanyisa, asi rakaratidzika kutama nekuda kwechimwe chinhu chinozivikanwa sekuti autokinetic effect. Chaizvoizvo, kufamba kwakanyanya kwemaziso kuchiita kuti zvionekwe sekuti nzvimbo duku yechiedza iri kufamba muchitsima. Paakabvunzwa mumwe nomumwe, mhinduro dzevatori vechikamu dzakasiyana-siyana. Paakabvunzwa sechikamu cheboka, zvisinei, Sherif akawana kuti mhinduro dzacho dzakabatanidzwa kune chinangwa chikuru. Zvakawanikwa naSherif zvakaratidza kuti mumamiriro ezvinhu asingadikanwi, vanhu vachazvibatanidza neboka, muenzaniso wekunyatsoziva.
- Mazano ekugadzirisa Asch : Muzvikamu izvi zvezviongorori zvakakurumbira, nyanzvi yezvepfungwa Soromoni Asch akakumbira vatori vechikamu kuti vapedze zvavanotenda kuti ibasa rakajeka. Vakabvunzwa kusarudza mutsetse wakaenzana nehurefu hweimwe yemitsara mitatu yakasiyana. Paakabvunzwa mumwe nomumwe, vatori vechikamu vangasarudza mutsara wakarurama. Paakabvunzwa pamberi peVa Confederates vaive vari mukuedza uye avo vakasarudza nenzira yakashata mutsara wakaipa, vanenge 75 muzana yevatori vechikamu vakafananidzwa neboka kamwechete kamwe. Ichi kuedza muenzaniso wakanaka wekusimudzira simba; vatori vechikamu vakashandura mhinduro yavo uye vanofananidza neboka kuitira kuti vakwanise kupinda uye vodzivisa kumira kunze.
Zvinokonzerwa nezviitiko
- Kuoma kwebasa iri: Matambudziko akaoma anogona kutungamirira kune zvose zviri kuwedzera uye kuderera kufanana. Kusingazivi nzira yekuita nayo basa rakaoma kunoita kuti vanhu vawedzere kuwirirana, asi kuwedzera kwakaoma kunogona kuitawo kuti vanhu vakawanda vagamuchire mhinduro dzakasiyana, zvichiita kuti vasanyatsoenderana.
- Kusiyana kwemunhu mumwe nomumwe: Maitiro ehupenyu hwevanhu semafambisirwo ekuti awane uye simba rakasimba hutungamiri hunobatanidzwa nehutsika hwekuita.
- Kukura kweboka racho: Vanhu vanowanzoenderana nemamiriro ezvinhu anosanganisira pakati pevanhu vatatu nevashanu.
- Mamiriro emamiriro acho ezvinhu: Vanhu vanowanzokwanisa kuwirirana mumamiriro ezvinhu asina kufanira apo havazivi zvakajeka pamusoro pekuti vanofanira kupindura sei.
- Kusiyana kwetsika: Vanotsvakurudza vakawana kuti vanhu vanobva kune dzimwe nyika vanogona kuwirirana.
Mienzaniso
- Mukomana anopfeka mune imwe chimiro nokuti anoda kufambidzana nevamwe vose vari muchikwata chake.
- Munhu ane makore makumi maviri nemashanu wekoroji mudzidzi anonwa pane imwe shanje nokuti shamwari dzake dzose dziri kuita uye haadi kuti ave asina kusimba kunze.
- Mukadzi anoverenga bhuku rake bhuku rebhubhu uye anonyatsonakidzwa naro. Paanoenda kumusangano webhuku rebhubhu, dzimwe nhengo dzose dzakanga dzisingadi bhuku racho. Panzvimbo pokupikisana nemaonero eboka, anongobvumirana nevamwe kuti bhuku racho raityisa.
- Mudzidzi haana chokwadi nezvemhinduro kumubvunzo wakabvunzwa nomudzidzisi. Apo mumwe mudzidzi mukirasi anopa mhinduro, mudzidzi akavhiringidzika anobvumirana nemhinduro achifunga kuti mumwe mudzidzi ari nani uye anonyatsoziva.
Unogonawo kufarira nyaya idzi:
Zvimwe Psychology Tsanangudzo: The Psychology Dictionary
References:
Asch, SE (1951). Migumisiro yeboka rinomanikidza pamusoro pekugadziriswa uye kukanganisa kwekutonga. Muna H. Guetzkow (Mupepeti), Mapoka, Utungamiri uye Varume. Pittsburg, PA: Carnegie Press.
Breckler, SJ, Olson, JM, & Wiggins, EC (2006). Social Psychology Alive. Belmont, CA: Cengage Kudzidza.
Eysenck, MW (2004). Psychology: An International Perspective. New York: Psychology Press, LTD.
Jenness, A. (1932). Basa rekukurukurirana mukushandura maonero panyaya yezvokwadi. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 27 , 279-296.
Sherif, M. (1935). Chidzidzo chezvimwe zvemagariro evanhu mukuona. Archives of Psychology, 27 , 187.