Kuwana uye Nhoroondo yeLithium yeMafungiro eMafungiro
Ndeipi nguva yekuti lithiamu yakatanga kuwanikwa semushonga wehutano hwepfungwa, uye chii chinyorwa chemishonga iyi? Rinonyatsoshanda sei? Uye chii chinowanzofungidzirwa uye kupopotedzana kufungidzira basa re lithiamu mukurapa bipolar chirwere?
Kuwanikwa kweLithium
Lithium inowanzoitika (nhamba nhatu patafura ye periodic) iyo yakatanga kuwanikwa muna 1817 uye yakawanikwa mumigodhi muAustralia neChili.
Iyo mafungiro ekugadzirisa zvinetso, zvisinei, hazvina kuzivikanwa kusvikira munguva yegore iroro.
Zvaifarira, Lithium yakatanga kushandiswa kuporesa arthritic kuvhiringidza muviri, gout. (Zvichida chiremba mumwe, pakupedzisira, akagumisa kubva pane izvi kuti gout ndiyo yaiva iyo yakakonzera kushungurudzika kwepfungwa.) Yakatanga kushandiswa kugadzira mania muna 1871, neDenmark inotungamirira nzira, asi shoma yakabudiswa pamusoro pemishonga kwemaawa anopfuura makumi mashanu . Gare gare, muma1940, lithiamu yakashandiswa sehuwandu hwemishonga yeropa asi munguva pfupi yakaratidza kuva nemigumisiro yakawandisa kuti ibudirire mukushandiswa uku.
Yaiva Australian psychiatrist John Cade uyo, muna 1949, akabudisa pepa pekutanga pakushandiswa kwe lithiamu mukutora mute mania . Kubva panguva iyoyo zvichienda mberi, lithiamu yakanyorerwa zvikuru, uye mineral chemithombo ine lithiamu yakanga yakatangwa nokuda kwekuporesa.
IU.S. Food and Drug Administration haina kubvumira lithium kushandiswa kusvikira 1970, uye kushandiswa kwe lithiamu muUnited States kwakatanga gare gare, uye kutamira kune mamwe mishonga pakutanga, kune dzimwe nyika dzakawanda pasi rose.
Lithium Inoshanda Sei?
Kuziva kuti lithiamu inowanzoitika, munhu angafunga kuti kuisa mishonga kunogona kutsigira kukwana mumuviri. Asi tsvakurudzo haina kumbobvira ichitaura kuti bipolar disorder inogona kukonzerwa nekitium inoshaya. Pane kudaro, zvinoitika kuti chinhu ichi chinowanzoitika chinokonzerwa nemafaro ekushanda semamiriro ekusimudzira mafungiro.
Kwemakore anenge makumi mashanu, manic-kushushikana vanhu vaibatwa ne lithiamu kunyange zvazvo shanduro yezvokurapa yakanga isina chikonzero nei kana kuti yakashanda sei. (Zita rokuti manic-depressive disorder rakashandurwa kuti rive bipolar disorder muna 1980.) Muna 1998, vatsvakurudzi veYunivhesiti yeWisconsin vakazarura chakavanzika. Chakavanzika che lithiamu chine chokuita nemasero emagetsi muuropi, uye zvinogamuchirwa neurotransmitter glutamate. Kuti tinzwisise izvi, ngatisimudzire uye titaure pamusoro pebasa revadzidzisi vemhepo muuropi uye hukama hwavo nehutano hwepfungwa.
Neurotransmitters neMental Health
Mharidzo mune imwe chikamu cheuropi inofamba sei, uye mukuita kudaro, zvinoguma nezviito? Yakave mumakore mashomanana apfuura-apo masayendisiti ave oga neurotransmitters, makemikari vatumwa veuropi vanoita kuti vataure mashoko kubva kune imwe nzvimbo kune imwe-kuti isu tatanga kutinzwisisa izvi.
Neurotransmitters iri mumagumo e-neuron imwe (kana nerve.) Kuda kwemagetsi kunofambisa nharo kunoguma mumagariro eurotransmitters ari kusunungurwa munzvimbo (synapse) pakati pejinga rimwe uye rinotevera. Mamwe eurotransmitter anosungira kune zvinyorwa pamutsara unotevera, iyo inopindurwa nokushandura shoko iroro kune rimwe dambudziko remagetsi.
Neurotransmitters inosara mu synapse (iyo isingasungiriri kune zvinogamuchirwa pane neuron inotevera) inotorwa zvakare kumucheto wepakutanga kuti ishandiswe zvakare.
Kune marudzi mazhinji emarudzi eurotransmitter muuropi. Zvimwe zvezvi zvinosanganisira:
- Serotonin
- Norepinephrine
- Dopamine
- Acetylcholine
- GABA (gamma aminobutyric acid)
- Glutamate
Glutamate inoratidzika seyourotransmitter inonyanya kubatanidzwa muchikamu chemunhu chinokonzera bipolar disorder (kunyange izvi zviri nyore kwazvo uye zvinetso zveutano zvepfungwa zvinobatanidza kusanganiswa kwevana veurotransmitter pamwe chete nedzimwe nzira.) Glutamate ndiyo yeurotransmitter yakawanda kwazvo muuropi uye ndeye anofungidzirwa kuva neurotransmitter inonakidza inobatanidzwa mukudzidza nekuyeuka.
GABA, zvakasiyana, inoratidzirwa neurotransmitter.
Lithium uye Glutamate Yakagadzikana
Nyanzvi yeUniversity yeWisconsin yakawana kuti lithium inobatanidza zvakagadziriswa pamagetsi ekutenderera kwe-neurotransmitter glutamate-kuita kuchengetedza huwandu hwe glutamate hunoita pakati pemasero mune imwe tsitsi, hutano hwakanaka, kana huwandu kana kudukusa.
Yunivhesiti yeWisconsin Medical School purofesa wezvemasvomhu, Dr. Lowell Hokin, uyo akatungamira tsvakurudzo, akati kubva pakutsvakurudza kwavo zvinogona kutarisa kuti marutamate akawandisa mumhara pakati peeurons inokonzera mania, uye zvishoma, kuderera. Panofanira kuva nezvakawanda kune izvozvo kupfuura izvozvo, sezvo mishonga inopesana nemishonga, semuenzaniso, inoshanda pane zvinogamuchirwa zvevamwe vanonzi neurotransmitter vakaita sa serotonin uye dopamine . Zvisinei, ichi chaive chiri chiito chakakura mberi pakunzwisisa maitiro ehupenyu hwe bipolar disorder.
Cherechedza: huwandu hwevamwe glutamate humwe hunogona kukonzera kuparara kwepfungwa kana kutouraya sechipiri kubva pakuwedzererwa (izvi zvinofungidzirwa kuti zvinotamba pane zvimwe zvikamu muAlzheimer's disease uye mumarwadzo.)
Kunyange zvazvo lithiamu inoratidzika kunge inobatsira pakuenzanisa maitiro e glutamate muuropi, uye naizvozvo, muyero wekugumburwa uye kuora mwoyo, kune mibvunzo yakawanda inosara kupindura. Kunyange ikozvino, migumisiro ye lithiamu muuropi haisi kure kunzwisiswa.
Zvimwe Zvimwe Zvingashandiswa ZveLithium
Kuwedzera kune bipolar disorder, lithium dzimwe nguva inoshandiswa kuora mwoyo kunonzi unipolar (kunyanya kuora mwoyo) uye schizoaffective disorder. Nemhaka yekuti lithium inogadzirisa zvinokonzerwa ne glutamate receptors, masayendisiti arikudzidzawo kana mishonga iyi inogona kudzivirira kubva mumuviri werufu inowanikwa mumamiriro ezvinhu akafanana nePasinson's, Huntington uye Alzheimer's disease.
Lithium Toxicity uye Side Effects
Sezvo nemishonga yakawanda pamusika, lithium inouya neurongwa rwemigumisiro nekuchengeteka. Lithium toxicity inogona kuva yakakomba zvikuru, ine zvose zvakashata uye zvisingaperi. Iyo migumisiro yema lithium yakajairika zvakare, uye sekune mishonga yakawanda yehutano hwepfungwa, izvi zvinowanzokonzera kushandiswa kwayo.
Mukuwedzera, lithiamu inozivikanwa kuti inobatanidza nemhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzemishonga, dzakadai seimwe mishonga yehutano hwepfungwa, ropa remishonga yemishonga, zvinodhaka zvePalinson, uye vamwe vanouraya kurwadziwa.
Zvose izvi zvakati, kune mishonga mishomanana inowanika mukurapa bipolar chirwere chisina matambudziko makuru.
Ndeipi Basa reLithium muArapa yeBipolar Disorder Nhasi?
Mhinduro kumubvunzo uyu, "Ndeipi iyo inofanira kunge inonzi lithium mukurapa bipolar chirwere nhasi?" zvichasiyana zvichienderana nokuti ndiani waunokumbira uye kwaunogara.
Mukuwedzera kune nhoroondo yakazara-yekare, pane maonero akawanda akasiyana-siyana pamusoro pekushandisa lithiamu nhasi. Vamwe vanachiremba vakabva vaenda kunodana lithium "nengozi isina njodzi" asi vamwe vanoona lithiamu seyo yakagadziriswa kwenguva refu yekurapa inowanika bipolar disorder. Vamwe vanachiremba vanototaura kuti lithiamu ndiyo imwe chete inonyanya kukosha kwehutano hwepfungwa yakawanikwa.
Sezvo nedzimwe nyaya dzakawanda dzine chokuita nehutano hwepfungwa, mhinduro chaiyo inogona kunge iri pane imwe nzvimbo pakati pezvinhu izvi zvakanyanyisa uye inoratidzwa nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana munyika yose. IUnited States ine mukurumbira wokuva "wokupedzisira mukati uye wokutanga kunze" pamusoro pekushandiswa kwechirwere, kuchinonoka pakati penyika kuti ishandise kushandiswa kwayo, uye kutanga kutaurira dzimwe nzira (mamwe mafungiro emafungiro akadai seDepakote (valproic acid) uye mishonga inorwisa antipychotic .)
MuUnited States, lithium inowanzoshandiswa kutanga-line yevanhu vane bipolar disorder, kunyange ichiri kushandiswa kakawanda nokuda kwechirwere chinokonzera bipolar pamwe nemimwe mishonga. Chidzidzo che 2017 chakaita, asi, chinoratidza kuti kune simba rakasimba re lithiamuum mutsara wokutanga mukurapa mania kune vakwegura.
Pasi pepamusoro paNhoroondo yeLithium
Nhoroondo yeLithium inokosha kunzwisisa apo pachitarisa kuwanikwa kwemaitiro ekugadzirisa mafungiro, uye munguva ichangopfuura mukukurudzira masayendisiti kuti aongorore kemikemikirwo yematambudziko emagariro muuropi.
Kunzwisisa uku kutsva kwemaikemikisi vatumwa muuropi vane hutano hwehutano hwepfungwa hwepamusoro hunokosha pakuwedzera kuderedza kushorwa kwematambudziko ehutano hwepfungwa. Kunyange zvazvo kuchine nzira yakareba yekuenda, uye hutano hwepfungwa huri hunova humwe hutsinye kupfuura hutano hwemwoyo, tsvakurudzo inofamba nhasi-seyakagadziriswa iro lithium inoshanda-inhanho yakanaka mune zvakanaka.
> Sources
- > De Frazio, P., Gaetano, R., Caroleo, M. et al. Lithium muLate-Life Mania: Ongororo Yakarongeka. Neuropsychiatric Disease uye Treatment . 2017. 13: 755-766.
- > Gershon, S. Lithium: Akawanikwa, Akakanganwa uye Akawanazve. International Network for History of Neuropsychopharmacology . August 15, 2013.
- > Shorter, E. The History of Lithium Therapy. 2009. 11 (0 2): 4-9.
- > Sani, G., Perugi, G., naL. Tondo. Kurapa kweBipolar Disorder muHupenyu hwePfungwa Pfungwa: Ithi Lithium Inoramba Iri Yakanakisisa Here? . Kushandisa Mishonga Inodhaka Mishonga . 2017 May 5. (Epub mberi kwekudhinda).