Maererano nenyanzvi yepfungwa Mary Ainsworth , kusungirirwa "kunogona kurondedzerwa sechisungo chine rudo icho munhu mumwe chete kana mhuka inogadzira pakati pake uye imwe-imwe tayi inosungirirana pamwe chete munzvimbo uye inotsungirira kwenguva."
Kusungirirwa hakusi kungoenderana chete pakati pevanhu vaviri; iyo chisungo chinosanganisira chido chekugara uchitarisana nomunhu iyeye uye chiitiko chekutambudzika munguva yekuparadzaniswa nomunhu iyeye.
Izvi zvinoita basa rinokosha panguva yehuduku sezvo inokonzera vana nevachengeti vavo kutsvaka kuswedera pedyo. Nokugara pedyo nevanochengeta, vana vanogona kuve nechokwadi chokuti vanochengetedzwa uye vanochengeteka.
Ngatinyatsoongororai zvimwe zvezvikonzero nei uye kuti zvibatanidze zvive sei uye zvinokonzerwa neupenyu hwavo hwose.
Sei Tichiumba Mafungiro?
Nyanzvi yezvepfungwa John Bowlby inowanzofungidzirwa sebaba vekubatanidza pfungwa . Akatsanangura kusungirirwa se "hukama hunogara huri pakati pevanhu." Utano, akaratidza kuti, akaita basa rinokosha mukuumbwa kwezvibatanidzwa uye zvidzidzo zvepakutanga zvinogona kuchinja hukama hwevanhu hunoumba hupenyu hupenyu. Zvinyorwa zvinowanzove zvichiri kutsungirira, zvinoreva kuti zvinogona kuramba kwenguva refu.
Zvokutanga zvatinogadzirisa ndezvine vabereki nevamwe vanochengeta, izvo zvichida nei Bowlby aida kuti chibatanidziro chaiva nechisimba chekushanduka-shanduka.
Izvi zvinotanga kusangana nevanochengeta zvinoshanda kuchengetedza kacheche kuchengeteka uye kuchengeteka, nokudaro nekuita kuti mwana ararame. Zvisungo zvinokurudzira vana kuti varambe vari pedyo nevabereki vavo, izvo zvinobvumira mubereki kupa kuchengetedza, kuchengeteka, uye kutarisirwa. Izvi zvinobatsira kuchengetedza kuti mwana ane zvinhu zvose zvaanoda kuti ararame.
Bowlby akaratidza kuti paiva neine maitiro anokosha ekubatanidza.
- Kutanga kuswedera pedyo nekuchengetedza , kana chido chokuva pedo nevaya vatinosangana navo. Tinofarira kushamwaridzana nevaya vatinonamatira, saka tinoedza kuva pedo navo kana zvichibvira.
- Zvinyorwa zvinogadzirawo nzvimbo yakachengeteka , kana chido chekudzoka kuzvibatanidza zvitsva zvekutarisira nekunyaradza. Munguva dzekutambudzika, kutya, kana kusava nechokwadi, tinogona kutsvaga vanhu vatinonamatira kuti tive nehanya nekunyaradzwa.
- Zvadaro, nhamba dzekubatanidza dzinopawo nzvimbo yakachengeteka yekutsvaga . Izvi zvinonyanya kukosha munguva yehuduku. Iyi nheyo yakachengeteka inobvumira vana kuti vaongorore nyika iyo vachiziva kuti vanogona kudzokera kune kuchengeteka kwechibatanidza chifananidzo.
- Pakupedzisira, vana vanoona kuparadzana kunetseka pavanoparadzana kubva pachigunwe chechibatanidza. Semuenzaniso, vana vanowanzotsamwirwa kana vabereki vachifanira kuvasiya mukutarisirwa kwevamwe.
Sei Kuchengetedza Kunokosha?
Kusungirirwa kunoshumira zvinangwa zvakakosha. Kutanga, inobatsira kuchengeta vacheche nevana pedyo nevatarisi vavo kuitira kuti vagone kugamuchira kuchengetedzwa, izvo zvinozobatsira kuwedzera mikana yavo yekupona. Izvi zvakakosha kusungwa kwepfungwa zvinopawo vana vane nheyo yakachengeteka kubva kwavanogona kuti vatsvaga nekuchengetedza nzvimbo yavo.
Vatsvakurudzi vanosanganisira Ainsworth, Bowlby, Main, naSoromoni vanoratidzawo kuti mwana anobatanidzwa sei kune avo vanochengeta vanogona kuva nemasimba makuru ose muhuduku uye gare gare muupenyu. Vakatora mhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzokubatanidza kutsanangura rudo rwevana vane rudo nevabereki vavo kana vanochengeta.
Kukundikana kwekubatanidza kuchengetedzwa kwakachengeteka nemutarisiri kwakabatanidzwa kune zvinetso zvakawanda zvinosanganisira kushaya chirwere uye kupikisa-kusagadzirisa chirwere . Vatsvakurudzi vanoratidzawo kuti rudzi rwekubatanidza rwakaratidzwa pakutanga kweupenyu hunogona kuva nemigumisiro inogara kwenguva refu kune ukama hwevanhu vakuru.
Nyanzvi yezvepfungwa Harry Harlow yakaita nharo dzakasiyana-siyana dzekuzvimirira pakati pevanhu mu rhesus monkeys izvo zvakaratidza zvinoparadza zvinokanganisa kusungurudza kwepakutanga. Mune zvimwe zvakasiyana-siyana zvekuedza, mbongoro dzecheche dzakaparadzana kubva kunaamai vavo uye dzakavaisa nevanamai vanozvipira. Mumwe amai vaingova tambo yesimbi yakabata bhodhoro, asi imwe amai yakanga yakafukidzwa nezvinhu zvakanyoroka zvemasaga. Harlow akawana kuti mhuru dzecheche dzaizogamuchira zvokudya kubva kuna amai vedare, asi dzakasarudza kushandisa nguva yavo yakawanda naamai vakaderera.
Pakaenzaniswa neeshe dzakanga dzakarerwa navanaamai vavo vanoberekwa, mbongoro dzakamutswa navanaamai vanozvimiririra dzaive dzisingagumi uye dzakatambura nezvinetso zvevanhu uye zvepfungwa. Harlow akawana zvakare kuti pakanga pane nguva inokosha panguva iyo zvigadziro zvitsva zvingagadzirwa. Kana mbongoro dzakanga dzisingabvumirwi kuita zvigadziriswa munguva iyoyo yewindo, nguva yekurwadziwa kwepfungwa yavakawana haigoni kuchinjwa.
Nekukakavadzana uye utsinye, kutsvakurudza kweHarlow kwakabatsira kuburitsa kukosha zvakanyanya pakukudziridza kuchengetedzwa kwakachengeteka uye kwakanaka pakutanga kweupenyu. Kushamwaridzana kwakadaro kunoita basa rinokosha mukuvandudzwa kwemuzamu.
> Sources:
> Ainsworth, MDS Kubudirira kwevana vacheche. Muna B. Cardwell & H. Ricciuti (Eds.), Ongororo yekutsvakurudza kwevana, Vol. 3. Chicago: University of Chicago Press; 1973.
> Bowlby J. Attachment. Kusungirirwa uye kurasikirwa: Vol. 1: Kurasikirwa. New York: Basic Books; 1969.
> Harlow, HF & Zimmermann, RR Kuvandudzwa kwehutano hwehutano mumakumbo emucheche. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. 1958; 102: 501 -509.