Nhau yeBilllby, Ainsworth, uye Attachment Theory

by Kendra Cherry

Kukosha Kwezvikwereti Zvepfungwa Zvokutanga

Zvinyorwa zvinyorwa zvinongotaura nezvehukama uye zvisungo pakati pevanhu, zvikurukuru hukama hwehurefu, kusanganisira izvo zviri pakati pemubereki nemwana uye pakati pevamwe vanhu vane rudo.

Nzira yekubatanidza nayo yakagadzirwa sei

Muongorori wepfungwa weBritain John Bowlby ndiye wokutanga kuwirirana weanorist, achirondedzera kusungirirwa se "kugara kwenguva refu mupfungwa pakati pevanhu."

Bowlby aifarira kunzwisisa kupatsanurwa kunetseka uye kushushikana kwevana vana pavanoparadzaniswa nevanonyanya kutarisira. Mamwe emitambo yepakutanga yehutano yakaratidza kuti kusungirirwa kwaingova nzira yekudzidza. Idzidziso idzi dzakaronga kuti kusungirirwa kwaingova kungokonzerwa nehukama hwekudya pakati pemwana nemutarisiri. Nemhaka yokuti mutarisiri anopa mwana uye anopa zvokudya, mwana anowanamatira.

Izvo zvinonzi Bowlby ndezvokuti kunyange kudyidzana hakuna kuderedza kushungurudzwa kwakaitika nevana pavakaparadzana kubva kune avo vanonyanya kutarisira. Pane kudaro, akawana kuti kusungirirwa kwaive kwakananga nemaitiro ekujeka uye mafambiro. Apo vana vanotya, ivo vachatsvaka kuswedera pedyo nevanonyatsotarisira kuitira kuti vagone kunyaradzwa uye kuchengetwa.

Kunzwisisa Zvinyorwa

Kusungirirwa ishamwari yakasangana nemumwe munhu.

Bowlby aidavira kuti zvisungo zvepakutanga zvakaumbwa nevana nevatarisi vavo zvine simba guru rinoenderera mberi muupenyu hwose. Akaratidza kuti kusungirirwa kunobatsirawo kuchengetedza mucheche pedyo naamai, zvichiita kuti mwana awane mikana yekupona.

Akaona kusungirirwa sechigadzirwa chekushanduka-shanduka.

Kunyange zvazvo mafungiro ezvinyorwa zvekubatanidza akaratidza kuti kusungirirwa kwaive nzira yekudzidza, Bowlby nevamwe vakagadzirirwa kuti vana vanoberekwa vane gwara re innate kuti vagadzikane nevanotsigira.

Munhoroondo yose, vana vakaramba vari pedyo nechitarisiko chekubatanidza vaiwanzogutsikana nekudzivirirwa, uye saka zvinowanzoita kuti vararame kuva vanhu vakuru. Kuburikidza nekugadzirisa kwekusarudzwa kwezvisikwa, chikonzero chinokurudzira chakagadzirirwa kutonga chibatanidzwa chakabuda.

Saka chii chinogadzirisa kushamwaridzana kunobudirira? Behaviorists inoratidza kuti yakanga iri zvokudya zvakatungamirira pakuumba maitiro ekubatanidza, asi Bowlby nevamwe vakaratidza kuti hutano uye kutora kwaiva chekutanga chekubatanidza.

Nyaya inokosha yekubatanidza nheyo ndeyekuti avo vanonyanya kuchengetedza avo vanowanika uye vanozvipira kune zvinodiwa nechecheche vanobvumira mwana kukudziridza pfungwa yekuchengeteka. Mucheche anoziva kuti mutarisiri anovimbika, izvo zvinoita kuti mwana agare akachengeteka kuti aongorore nyika.

Ainsworth's "Mamiriro Akashata"

Mune makore makumi matanhatu ekutsvakurudza, nyanzvi yezvepfungwa Mary Ainsworth yakawedzera zvikuru pamusoro peBylby basa rekutanga. Mamiriro ake ezvinhu "Simba Rakaoma" rakazivisa kukanganisa kwakanyanya kwekushamwaridzana nemufambiro.

Muchidzidzo, vatsvakurudzi vakacherechedza vana vari pakati pemakore gumi nemaviri nemakumi mapfumbamwe sezvavakapindura mune imwe mamiriro ezvinhu avakasiyiwa pfupi uye vozoonana zvakare naamai vavo.

Kubva pane mhinduro dzevanotsvakurudza, Ainsworth vakatsanangura maitiro matatu makuru ekubatanidza: kuchengetedzwa kwakachengetedzwa, kusungirirwa kwekuchengeteka kwemaanti, uye kusachengetedzwa kusachengeteka. Gare gare, vanotsvakurudza Main naSoromoni (1986) vakawedzera chechina chekubatanidza chinonzi disorganized-kusachengeteka kusungirirwa zvichienderana nekutsvakurudza kwavo pachavo.

Tsvakurudzo dzinoverengeka kubvira panguva iyo dzakatsigira maitiro aAinsworth uye dzakaratidza kuti michina yekubatanidza inewo inobatsira pamitambo gare gare muupenyu.

Maternal Deprivation Studies

Hurry hutsinye hutsvakurudzo hwekudzivirira kwevakadzi uye hukama hwekugara pakati pevanhu muma1950 nema1960 hwakarongedzawo zvisungo zvepakutanga. Mune ruzhinji rwekuedza, Harlow akaratidza kuti hukama hwakadaro hunobuda sei uye hune simba hune hune huno pamusoro pekuita nekushanda.

Mune rumwe ruzivo rwekuedza kwake, rhesus mutsva dzangoberekwa dzakaparadzaniswa kubva kumadzimai avo ekuberekwa uye dzakasimudzwa navanaamai vanozvipira. Mucheche makomana akaiswa muhomwe nematare maviri monkey mama. Imwe yembongoro dzesimbi dzakabata bhodhoro iro mwana mucheche aigona kuwana zvokudya, nepo imwe meshini monkey yakafukidzwa nemucheka wakaoma.

Apo vana vese vacheche vaienda kuna amai vese kuti vawane zvokudya, vakapedza mazuva akawanda emahombekete ane chivara. Apo vaityisa, vana vembongoro vaizoenda kune amai vavo vakapfeka machira kuti vanyaradzwe uye vakachengeteke.

Basa reHarlow rakaratidzawo kuti kushamwaridzana kwepakutanga kwakaguma nekuwana kunyaradzwa uye kutarisirwa kubva kune ane hanya pane kungova nemigumisiro yekudyiwa.

Matanho ekubatanidza

Vatsvakurudzi Rudolph Schaffer naPeggy Emerson vakaongorora huwandu hwehukama hwekubatana hucheche hunoita chidzidzo chenguva refu nevana makumi matanhatu. Vacheche vaichengetwa vhiki ina dzose mugore rokutanga rehupenyu, uye zvakare zvakare pamwedzi 18. Kubva pane zvavakaona, Schaffer naEmerson vakatsanangura zvikamu zvina zvakasiyana zvekubatanidza, kusanganisira:

Pre-attachment stage: Kubvira pakuberekwa kusvika kumwedzi mitatu, vacheche havaratidzi kushamwaridzana kune mumwe munhu ane hanya. Zviratidzo zvecheche, zvakadai sekuchema uye kukakavara, zvinowanzoita kuti mutarisiri uye mhinduro dzakanaka dzemwana dzikurudzirwe.
Kushamwaridzana kusina kusarudzwa: Kubvira mavhiki matanhatu ekuberekwa kusvika kumwedzi minomwe, vacheche vanotanga kuratidza zvido zvevadzidzisi vekutanga uye vekupedzisira. Munguva iyi, vana vanotanga kukudziridza manzwiro ekuvimba kuti muchengeti achapindura zvavanoda. Kunyange zvazvo vachiri kugamuchira kutarisirwa kubva kune vamwe vanhu, vanova nani pakusiyanisa pakati pevanhu vanozivikanwa uye vasina kudzidza sezvavanoswedera kumwedzi yemakore manomwe. Vanopindurawo zvakanyanya kune avo vanoita basa rekuchengeta.
Kusarudza kusungirirwa: Pano, kubva pamakore anenge gumi kusvika gumi nemana ezera, vacheche vanoratidza kushamwaridzana kwakasimba uye zvavanoda kune mumwe munhu chaiye. Vachange vachipikisa pavanoparadzana kubva pachikamu chekutanga chekubatanidza ( kupatsanidza kuzvidya mwoyo ), uye kutanga kuratidza kuzvidya mwoyo kune vausingazive (mutorwa unonetseka).
Zvinyorwa zvakawanda: Pashure pemwedzi inenge mapfumbamwe, vana vanotanga kusimbisa kushamwaridzana kwevamwe nevanomutarisira kunze kwechikamu chekutanga chekubatanidza. Izvi zvinowanzobatanidza baba, vakoma nehanzvadzi, uye vanasekuru navanasekuru.

Zvinokonzera Izvozvo Zvinosungirirwa

Kunyange zvazvo izvi zvingaita sezviri nyore, kune zvimwe zvikonzero zvingakanganisa sei uye kana zvibatanidzwa zvinokura, kusanganisira:

Mukana wekubatanidza: Vana vasina ruzivo rwokutanga, sevaya vakakurira mumisha yeherera, vangakundikana kukudziridza pfungwa yekuvimba inofanirwa kuumba chibatanidzwa.
Kuchengetedza kwakanaka: Kana vatarisi vanoita nokukurumidza uye nguva dzose, vana vanoziva kuti vanogona kuvimba nevanhu vanoita basa ravo, iyo ndiyo nheyo inokosha yekubatanidzwa. Ichi chinhu chinokosha.

Mapeji Okubatanidza

Pane maitiro mana ekubatanidza, kusanganisira:

Kuchengetedzwa kwakachengeteka: Kuchengetedzwa kwakachengeteka kunoratidzirwa nekutambudzika kana yakaparadzana nevatarisi uye mufaro kana muchengeti achidzoka. Yeuka, vana ava vanonzwa vakachengeteka uye vanogona kuvimba nevakuru vavo vanovatarisira. Kana munhu mukuru achibva, mwana angagumbukana asi iye anonzwa akavimbiswa kuti mubereki kana mutarisiri achadzoka. Apo vanotya, kuchengetedzwa zvakachengetwa vana vachatsvaka nyaradzo kubva kune vatarisi. Ava vana vanoziva kuti mubereki wavo kana muchengeti wavo achapa nyaradzo uye kuvimbiswa, saka vanonzwa vakasununguka vachivatsvaga munguva dzekuda.
Ambivalent attachment: Vana vanobatanidza vana vanowanzotambudzika zvikuru kana mubereki asiya. Ichi chibatanidzi chekubatanidza chinonzi chakanga chisingawanzwisisiki, chinokanganisa inofungidzirwa 7 kubva kumazana kusvika ku15 muzana yevana veUnited States. Kutsvakurudza kunoratidza kuti kushamwaridzana kwakagadziriswa kunokonzerwa nekuwanikwa kwevakadzi vasina kunaka. Vana ava havagoni kuvimba naamai vavo (kana kuti muchengeti) kuti vavepo apo mwana ari kuda.
Kudzivisa kushamwaridzana: Vana vane chisungo chekuzvidzivirira vanowanzodzivisa vabereki kana vatarisi. Apo pavanopiwa sarudzo, vana ava havangarati mutsauko pakati pemutarisiri uye mutorwa wakakwana. Kutsvakurudza kwakaratidza kuti chibatanidzwa ichi chinogona kuva chikonzero chekushungurudza kana kusaregeredza vanochengeta. Vana vanorangwa nekuvimba nemutarisiri vachadzidza kudzivisa kutsvaka rubatsiro munguva yemberi.
Kusagadziriswa kusungirirwa: Vana vane chisungo chisina kusimbiswa kazhinji vanoratidza kusanganiswa kwekuita kwehutano uye vangaita sevasingafadzi, vakasvibiswa, kana kuvhiringidzika. Vana vese vanogona kudzivisa kana kudzivisa mubereki. Vamwe vatsvakurudzi vanotenda kuti kusava nechokuita zvakajeka muenzaniso kunogona kunge kwakabatana nemafambiro asina kufanana kubva kune vanochengeta. Mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro, vabereki vanogona kushanda semuviri wezvinyaradzo uye chinotyisa chekutya, zvichiita kuti tive nemaitiro asina kukodzera.

Zvinetso Nekubatanidza

Kutsvakurudza kunoratidza kuti kukundikana kuumba zvibatanidza zvakachengeteka pakutanga kwehupenyu kunogona kuva nemigumisiro yakaipa pane mufambiro muhucheche hutana uye muupenyu hwose. Vana vanoongororwa vane kupikisa kusagadzikana chirwere (ODD), kutadza chirwere (CD), kana kupererwa kunetseka kwepfungwa (PTSD) kakawanda kunoratidza matambudziko okubatanidza, zvichida nekuda kwekushungurudzwa kwokutanga, kusaremekedzwa, kana kushungurudzika. Vanachiremba vanoti vana vanotora mushure memazera emwedzi mitanhatu vane dambudziko guru rekubatanidza matambudziko.

Kunyange zvazvo masangano ekubatanidza akaratidzwa muhukuru haasi chaiwo akafanana neaya anoonekwa mucheche, kutsvakurudza kunoratidza kuti kusungirirwa kwepakutanga kunogona kuva nechinetso chakakomba pahukama hwekupedzisira. Semuenzaniso, avo vanonyatsobatanidzwa muhutano vanowanzova nekutenda kwakanaka, hukama hwakasimba hwepabonde, uye kukwanisa kuzviratidza kune vamwe. Sezvo vakwegura, vanowanzova nehutano hwakanaka, hunofadza, uye hune hukama husingaperi.

Sei Uchibatanidza Matambudziko

Vatsvakurudzi vakawana kuti maitiro akabatanidzwa akaiswa pakutanga kwehupenyu anogona kutungamirira kumigumisiro yakawanda. Semuenzaniso, vana vanochengetedzwa zvakasimba sechecheche vanoedza kukudziridza kuzviremekedza uye kuzviriritira zviri nani sezvavanokura. Ivana ava vanowanzova vakazvimiririra, vanoita zviri nani kuchikoro, vane hukama hwakanaka hwehukama, uye vane ruzivo rwakanyanya rwekuora mwoyo nekuzvidya mwoyo.

> Sources

> Ainsworth MDS, Blehar MC, Mvura E, Wall S. Maitiro Okubatanidza: Chidzidzo chePfungwa cheShoko Rinoshamisa. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum; 1978.
> Ainsworth MDS. Zvinyorwa pamwe Nezvimwe Zvikwereti Zvikwereti Muhupenyu Hwose. Mu: Kusungirirwa Muhupenyu Hwose. Parkes CM, Stevenson-Hinde J, Marris P, eds. London: Routledge; 1991: 33-51.
> Bowlby J. Mamiriro ehukama hweMwana kuna Amai vake. International Journal of Psychoanalysis .1958; 39: 350-371.
> Bowlby J. Kusungirirwa uye Kurasikirwa: Bhuku 1 Kusungirirwa . 2nd ed. New York: Basic Books; 1982.
> Schaffer HR, Emerson PE. Kufambiswa kweMagariro Evanhu muInfancy. Monographs yeSosaiti Yokutsvakurudza Mukuvandudza Kwevana . 1964; 29 (3): 94.