John Bowlby aiva muchechi wepfungwa weBritain uye psychoanalyst uyo aifunga kuti kubatana kwevana vaduku kwakaita basa rakakosha mukugadzirwa kwekupedzisira nekushanda kwepfungwa. Basa rake, pamwechete nebasa rezvepfungwa dzepfungwa Mary Ainsworth, vakabatsira pakuvandudzika kwekubatanidza mazano.
Bowlby aidavira kuti vana vanoberekwa vane tsika yekugadzirisa zvirongwa zvehupenyu hwekutsvaga uye kuramba vari pedo nekubatanidza nhamba.
Izvi zvinopa hutano uye nyaradzo, asi inobatsirawo mukuchengetwa kwemwana. Kusungirirana pedyo nemutarisiri kunovimbisa kuti zvinodiwa zvomwana zvinosangana uye kuti iye anodzivirirwa kubva kune njodzi mumhepo.
John Bowlby Anonyanya Kuzivikanwa
- Attachment theory
- Kutsvakurudza nezvekusimudzirwa kwevana
Kuberekwa uye Rufu
February 27, 1907 - September 2, 1990
Upenyu Hwekutanga
Edward John Mostyn Bowlby akaberekerwa muLondon kune mhuri yepamusoro-yakadzika. Kutenda kuti kunyanya rudo rwevabereki nekutarisira kunoparadza mwana, vabereki vake vakapedza nguva shomanana chete naye zuva rega rega. Pazera remakore manomwe, akatumirwa kuchikoro chekugadzirira, icho aizodzokorora chichiitika sechinetso chakaipisisa.
Bowlby akapfuurira kunopinda Trinity College, Cambridge, kwaakadzidza nezvepfungwa uye akapedzera nguva achishanda nevana vanonyadzisa. Mushure mekunge vapedza kudzidza kubva kuCambridge, Bowlby vakazvipira pachikoro kuti vawane ruzivo uye vafunge nezvezvinangwa zvebasa rake.
Basa rake pachikoro nevana vaviri vakagadzikana vakaisa mararamiro emangwana rake uye vakamufuridzira kuva mwana wepfungwa dzepfungwa .
Akabva adzidzira mushonga paYunivhesiti yeHitoriki Hospital, uyezve kuongorora kwepfungwa ku Maudsley Hospital. Munguva ino, Bowlby akadzidzawo kuBritish Psychoanalytic Institute uye pakutanga akafurirwa nebasa raMelanie Klein .
Akazopedzisira asina kugutsikana neKlein nzira, achifunga kuti yakanyanya kunyanya kufunga kwevana uye kwete kukwana pane zviitiko mumamiriro ezvinhu, kusanganisira simba revabereki nevatarisi.
Mushure mokuva psychoanalyst muna 1937, akashanda muRoyal Army Medical Corps munguva yeHondo Yenyika II.
Muna 1938, akaroora mukadzi anonzi Ursula Longstaff uye pamwe chete vaiva nevana vana. Imwe nguva hondo yapera, Bowlby akava Mutevedzeri weTavistock Clinic uye muna 1950 akazova mutungamiri wehutano hwepfungwa kuWorld Health Organization.
Basa uye Dzidziso
Basa raBilllby rokutanga nevana rakamuita kuti ave nekufarira kwazvo nyaya yekukura kwevana . Akava kunyanya kufarira kuti kuparadzana kubva kune vanochengeta vana kwakakanganisa sei vana. Mushure mekunge adzidza nyaya yacho kwechinguva, akatanga kukudziridza pfungwa dzake pamusoro pekukosha kwekubatanidza nekukura kwevana.
Muna 1949, World Health Organization yakapa Bowlby kunyora mushumo pamusoro pehutano hwepfungwa dzevana vasina pokugara muEurope. Muna 1951, basa rakaguma raMaternal Care neMental Health rakabudiswa. Mariri akanyora kuti, "... mwana nechecheche anofanira kunge ane hukama hwakanaka, hwepedyo, uye hunoramba huri pamwe naamai vake (kana kuti amai vanogara vachigara panzvimbo yavo) umo vose vari vaviri vanowana kugutsikana uye kufara."
Mushure mekubudiswa kwemashoko ane simba, Bowlby akapfuurira kukudziridza unyanzvi hwake hwekubatana.
Bowlby akakwevera pane zvakasiyana-siyana zvidzidzo kusanganisira sognitive sayenzi, kubudirira kwepfungwa , kushanduka kwezvinhu zvipenyu, uye ethology. Nharo yake yakaguma yakaratidza kuti zvisungo zvekutanga kare zvakagadzirwa nevana nevatarisi vavo zvine simba guru rinoenderera mberi muupenyu hwose. Bowlby akanga akadzidziswa sa psychoanalyst, uye zvakadai saSigmund Freud , aidavira kuti zvakaitika kare muupenyu hwaive nekugadzirisa kwenguva refu mukusimudzirwa. Maererano neBirlby, kusungirirwa kunoshandawo kuchengetedza kacheche pedyo neamai, zvichiita kuti mwana awane mikana yekupona.
Akaratidza kuti vose vanaamai navana vacheche vakashandura chido chakanaka chekuswedera pedyo. Nokuchengetedza ukama hwepedyo, vacheche vane mikana yekuwana kuchengetedzwa nekudzivirirwa kwavanoda kuti vave nechokwadi chekugara kwavo.
Bowlby akashandurwawo nebasa ra Konrad Lorenz, uyo akaratidza kuti chibatanidzo chacho chaiva chisingatauriki uye chaibatsira mukurarama. MuRennz inonyatsozivikanwa muna 1935 pakuongorora, akazokwanisa kuratidza kuti majaya maduku aizonyora pazvikwata zvekubatanidza mumamiriro ezvinhu mune imwe nguva yakaoma pashure pekuvhara. Lorenz akatokwanisa kutora mahesheni achangobva kutemwa kuti atore kwaari uye kumuona semunhu "amai". Izvi zvakaratidza kuti hazvisi kungobatanidzwa chete, asi kuti panewo nguva inokosha panguva iyo kuumbwa kwehukama hwehukama hunogona. Tsvakurudzo yaLorenz yakawana kuti mushure meimwe nguva (anenge maawa makumi maviri nemaviri ehese), chibatanidzwa chakanga chisingaitike.
Nyaya inokosha yeBilllby's attachment theory ndeyokuti vanaamai varipo uye vanoteerera kuchechechechechechechechechechechechechechechechechechecheche wavo vanoita pfungwa yekuchengeteka. Mwana anoziva kuti mutarisiri anovimbika, izvo zvinoumba hwaro hwakachengeteka hwomwana kuti aongorore nyika.
Attachment Theory
Bowlby anotsanangurwa kusungirirwa se "kugara kwenguva refu mupfungwa pakati pevanhu." Dzidziso yake yezvinyorwa zvekubatanidza inoratidza kuti vacheche vane chido chekuzvarwa chakanaka kuti vagadzirise chisungo chekubatanidza nemutarisiri Uyu ndiwo mhinduro yekushanduka inowedzera mikana yevana yekupona. anoberekwa nemitemo yakasiyana-siyana yakadai sokuchema uye kurira, uye vanochengeta vanogadziriswa kuti vateerere zviratidzo izvi uye vagoita zvinodiwa nemwana.
Kunyange zvazvo vanaamai vachiwanzobatanidzwa nebasa iri sevanonyanya kuchengetedza uye nhamba dzezvibatanidza, Bowlby aidavira kuti vacheche vanogona kuumba ukama hwakadaro nevamwe. Kuumbwa kwechibatanidza chisungo kunopa nyaradzo, kuchengeteka, uye kudya, asi Bowlby akacherechedza kuti kuzvidya pachako kwakanga kusiri hwaro kana chinangwa chechibatanidza ichi.
Kana zvibatanidzwa zvitsvene zviripo uye zvakavimbika, mwana anovaka pfungwa yekuvimba munyika. Panguva ino, mwana anogona kutenderera kune mutarisiri sechepakati yakachengeteka inobva kuongorora nyika.
Bowlby zvakare akaratidza kuti michina yekubatanidza mumutsara wezvikamu:
- Munguva yekutanga chekutanga chekutanga , vana vacherechedza vanoziva kuti ndivo vanonyanya kutarisira asi vasati vaine chibatanidzwa. Kuchema kwavo nekukakavara kunokwezva nekutarisira kwemubereki, izvo zvinopa mubayiro kumwana nemutarisiri. Sezvo danho iri richifambira mberi anenge mwedzi mitatu, vacheche vanotanga kuziva mubereki uye vachiwedzera pfungwa yekuvimba.
- Munguva yechisarudzo chisina kusarudzwa , vacheche vanozviratidza zvakasarudzwa kune avo vanonyatsotarisira uye pamwe nevamwe vanochengeta kuchengetedza muupenyu hwavo.
- Munguva yekusarura kwenguva yakasarudzwa , vana vanoumba zvakasimba kune mumwe munhu uye vachaona kuparadzana kunetseka uye kuzvidya mwoyo pavakaparadzana kubva kumunhu iyeye.
- Pakupedzisira panguva yakawanda yekubatanidza chikamu , vana vanotanga kukudziridza zvakasimba kune vanhu kunze kwevanonyanya kutarisira.
Contributions to Psychology
Kutsvakurudza kwaJohn Bowlby pamusoro pekubatanidza uye kukura kwevana kwakasiya pfungwa dzenguva dzose pane zvepfungwa, dzidzo, kuchengetwa kwevana, nekurera vana. Vatsvakurudzi vakawedzera tsvakurudzo yake yekuvandudza nzira dzekurapa makiriniki nemaitiro ekudzivirira. Basa rake rakakonzerawo mamwe maitiro epfungwa dzepamusoro, kusanganisira waaishanda naye Mary Ainsworth , uyo akaitawo zvipo zvakakura pakubatanidza dzidziso .
Mune tsvakurudzo yakaitwa muna 2002 yezvepfungwa dzepfungwa dzakabudiswa muKubvunzurudzwa kweGeneral Psychology, Bowlby yakarongerwa seyo 49 inonyanya kutaurwa mupfungwa yepfungwa yezana remakore rechi20.
Zvinyorwa Zvakasarudzwa naJohn Bowlby
Bowlby, J. (1946). Maternal Care uye Mental Health. Geneva: World Health Organization.
Bowlby, J. (1958). Chimiro chomusikana wemwana kuna amai vake. International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 39 , 1-23.
Bowlby, J. (1968). Kusungirirwa uye Kurasika, Vol. 1: Kushamwaridzana . New York: Basic Books.
Bowlby, J. (1973). Kusungirirwa uye Kurasika, Vol. 2: Kuparadzanisa, Kushushikana, uye Hasha. London: Penguin Mabhuku.
Bowlby, J. (1980). Kusungirirwa uye Kurasika, Vol. 3: Kurasikirwa: Kusuruvara uye Kuora mwoyo. New York: Basic Books.
> Sources
Bowlby, J. Mamiriro ehutano hwemwana kuna Amai vake. International Journal of Psychoanalysis. 1958; 39: 350-371.
Bowlby J. Attachment. Kusungirirwa uye kurasikirwa: Vol. 1. Kurasika. New York: Basic Books; 1969.
Bretheron, I. (1992). Mhemberero yekubatanidza dzidziso: John Bowlby naMaria Ainsworth. Developmental Psychology. 1992; 28: 759-775.
Haggbloom, SJ, Warnick, JE, Jones, VK, Yarbrough, GL, Russell, TM, Borecky, CM, McGahhey, R .... Monte, E. Vana zana remagariro epamusoro epakati pezana remakore rechi20. Kudzokorora kweGeneral Psychology. 2002; 6 (2): 139-152. doi: 10.1037 / 1089-2680.6.2.139.
Holmes, J. John Bowlby uye Attachment Theory. London: Routledge; 1993.