Zvakaita Ivan Pavlov Akawana Sei Chikamu Chakuita
Imbwa yaPavlov miedzo yakaita basa rinokosha pakuwanikwa kweimwe yezvinonyanya kukosha mune zvepfungwa. Kunyange zvazvo yakatanga kuwanikwa chaiyo pangozi, idzi dzinoongorora zvakakurumbira zvakaita kuti kuwanikwa kwechikoro chimiro. Kuwana uku kwaive nechinonyanya kukanganisa kunzwisisa kwedu kwokuti kudzidza kunoitika sei pamwe nekuvandudzika kwechikoro chekuzvibata kwepfungwa.
Pavlov's Dog: A Background
Ko kuedza kwekugadzirisa kudya mumbwa kunotungamirira sei kune chimwe chezvinhu zvakakosha pakuwana mune zvepfungwa? Ivan Pavlov akanga ari nyanzvi yezvechirwere yeRussia yakakurumbira uyo akaenderera mberi kukunda Mubayiro weNobel 1904 webasa rake achidzidza kugadzirisa zvirongwa. Izvo zvaiva apo paidzidza kugadzika muimbwanana kuti Pavlov akataura chiitiko chinonakidza - mhando dzake dzedzinza dzaizotanga kumira apo chero mubatsiri akapinda mumba.
Pfungwa yeklassical conditioning inodzidziswa nemudzidzi wese wepachikoro chepfungwa, saka zvingashamisika kuziva kuti murume wekutanga akacherechedza ichi chiitiko akanga asiri chiremba wepfungwa zvachose.
Mukutsvakurudza kwake kwekudya, Pavlov nevatsigiri vake vaizozivisa zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvezvokudya uye zvisingadyi uye kuenzanisa kugadzirwa kwemashizha kuti zvinhu zvakabudiswa. Salivation, akadaro, inofungidzira. Izvo zvinowanzoitika pakupindura kune chimwe chinhu chinokurudzira uye hachisi pasi pekutonga kwakakwana.
Zvisinei, Pavlov akacherechedza kuti imbwa dzaiwanzotanga kutamba mukusavapo kwezvokudya uye kunhuwa. Akakurumidza kuziva kuti izvi zvakasarudzwa zvaisazoita nekuda kwekuzvitsvaga, kwehupenyu hwekuita.
The Development of Classical Conditioning Theory
Kubva pane zvaakaona, Pavlov akaratidza kuti salivation iyi yaidzidza kugadzirisa.
Imbwa dzakanga dzichipindura maziso ekutsvakurudza kwevabatsiri vese mazano emvura, ayo mhuka dzakanga dzauya kuzobatana nekutaura kwezvokudya. Kusiyana nemhinduro yakakonzerwa kuhurukuro yezvokudya, iyo inofungidzirwa isina kufungidzirwa, kukanganisa kutarisira kwezvokudya ndiyo yakagadzirirwa reflex.
Pavlov akazofunga nezvekuongorora kunyatsoziva kuti mhinduro idzi dzakadzidzwa sei kana kuti dzinowanikwa. Mune mitezo yezviongorori, Pavlov akasimuka kuti atambudze kugadzirisa mafungiro kune zvakasati zvaita zvematongerwe enyika. Akasarudza kushandisa zvokudya sezvo kusinganzwisisiki kunokonzera , kana kuti kukurudzira kunovhiringidza kupindura zvakasununguka uye zvakangoerekana zvaitika. Kutinhira kwemasronome yakasarudzwa kuti irege kufambidzana. Imbwa dzaizotanga kuzarurirwa kunzwika kwemasronome, uye ipapo zvokudya zvakabva zvangoerekana zvataurwa.
Mushure mokunge mumiedzo yakawanda, VaPavlov vakaona kuti imbwa dzakatanga kupera shure kwekunzwa metronome. "Chiitiko chakanga chisingatauri mukati uye chaicho chakanga chakanyanyisa pamusoro pechiito chekuberekwa kwekudya zvokudya," Pavlov akanyora pamusoro pemigumisiro. "Takacherechedza kuti, mushure mokudzokorora kakaverengeka kwekukurudzira kwakabatana, manzwiro emasronome akanga awana pfuma yekukurudzira salivary secretion." Mune mamwe mazwi, maitiro asina kumborerekera mune zvematongerwe enyika (metronome) akanga ava izvo zvinozivikanwa sechirongwa chekusimudzirwa icho chakabva chaita kuti mhinduro iite (salivation).
The Impact of Pavlov's Research
Kuwanikwa kwaPavlov ye classical conditioning inoramba iri imwe yenhau inonyanya kukosha munhoroondo yepfungwa. Mukuwedzera pakugadzira hwaro hweiwo huchava hutano hwepfungwa , chirongwa chekugadzirisa zvinoramba chichikosha mazuva ano nokuda kwezvizhinji zvekushanda, kusanganisira maitiro ekugadzirisa uye utano hwehutano hwepfungwa. Chikoro chechigadziriro chinowanzoshandiswa pakurapa phobias, kuzvidya mwoyo uye kutya kunetseka.
Chimwe chiitiko chinonakidza chekushandiswa kwechikoro chekugadzirisa mitemo ndiyo kushandiswa kwemavhisi ekudzivirira kuchengetedza majoyota kubva pakuzvinyora pamombe.
Chimiro chemavira chinoputika chinenge chichiitika apo kusagadzikana kwemauto (kudya imwe mhando yezvokudya) kunovhiringidzika nemhinduro isina kubvumirwa (kurwara pashure pokudya zvokudya).
Kusiyana nedzimwe mhando dzegadziriro yekugadzirisa mamiriro ezvinhu , rudzi urwu rwekugadzirisa zvinhu harudi kuti pave nemamwe mapato kuitira kuti sangano riumbe. Chaizvoizvo, inwavira maitiro anowanzoitika mushure mekunge imwe chete yepamusoro. Vashandi vakawana nzira dzinobatsira dzekuisa chimiro chechikafu chechigadzirwa chepamusoro kushandiswa zvakanaka kuchengetedza mombe dzavo. Mune mumwe muenzaniso, mutton yakakonzerwa nechirwere chinokonzera kushungurudza kukuru. Mushure mekudya nyama yakakonzerwa nehupfu, majoyotes akadzivirira makwai emakwai pane kuvarwisa.
Kunyange zvazvo kuwanikwa kwaPavlov kwechikoro chechimiro kwakaumba chikamu chinokosha chepfungwa yepfungwa, basa rake rinoramba richikurudzira kutsvakurudza mberi nhasi. Pakazosvika makore 1997 na2000, zvinyorwa zvinopfuura 220 zvinowanikwa mumagazini ewesayenzi akataurwa nezvePavlov's early research on classical conditioning.
zvipo zvake kuhutano hwepfungwa zvakabatsira kuita chirango icho chiri nhasi uye zvichida zvicharamba kuchigadzirisa kunzwisisa kwedu kwehupenyu hwevanhu kwemakore anouya.
> Sources
> Gustafson, CR, Garcia, J., Hawkins, W., & Rusiniak, K. Kuchengetedzwa kweCoyote nekugadzirisa mamiriro ezvinhu. Sayenzi. 1974; 184: 581-583.
> Gustafson, CR, Kelly, DJ, Sweeney, M., & Garcia, J. Prey-lithium aversions: I. Coyotes nemapumhi. Behavioral Biology. 1976; 17: 61-72.
> Hock, RR makumi makumi mana eongororo dzakashandura pfungwa dzepfungwa: Tsvakurudzo munhoroondo yekutsvakurudza kwepfungwa. (4th ed.). New Jersey: Pearson Dzidzo; 2002.
> Pavlov, IP Zvakaitwa reflexes. London: Oxford University Press; 1927.