Mimwe Miviri Inokosha Inokosha Pakati Pakuzvibata Pfungwa Pamwechete
Makirasi uye maitiro ekugadzirisa maitiro maviri anokosha mazano ekutenda kwepfungwa. Kunyange zvazvo zvose zvinoguma mukudzidza, nzira dzakasiyana zvakasiyana. Kuti unzwisise kuti imwe neimwe yezviito zvekushandura zvinogona kushandiswa sei, zvinokoshawo kuti unzwisise kuti zvipi zvekugadzirisa nekugadzirisa mafungiro zvakasiyana kubva kune mumwe.
Ngatitange nokutarisa zvimwe zvezvinyanya kukosha.
Classical Conditioning
- Chokutanga chakatsanangurwa naIvan Pavlov, mumwe murosi wenyika yeRussia
- Inosanganisira kuisa chiratidzo chisingatengi pamberi pekufungidzira
- Inonyanya kufunga nezvekuzvibatanidza, kushandura mafungiro
Kushanda Kushanda
- Chokutanga chakatsanangurwa naBF Skinner, nyanzvi yepfungwa dzeAmerica
- Inosanganisira kushandiswa kusimbisa kana kurangwa pashure pekuita
- Inonyanya kusimbisa kusimbisa kana kuderedza kusazvibata maitiro
Zvakaita Sei Chikoro Chekuita
Kunyange kana iwe usati uri mudzidzi wepfungwa, iwe unogona kunge wakanzwa nezve mbwa dzaPavlov . Mukutsvakurudza kwake kwakakurumbira, Ivan Pavlov akaona kuti imbwa dzakatanga kugadzikana mukupindura inzwi kana mushure mokunge mutinhimira uchinge uchitaridzana nekupa zvokudya. Pavlov akakurumidza kuona kuti ichi chaive chidzidzo chekudzidza uye akasarudza kupfuurira mberi nekuongorora mamiriro ekugadzirisa.
Chikoro chechimiro chiitiko chinosanganisira kugadzira kusongana pakati pekutsvaga kwezvakangoita uye yekare isati yarerekera.
Inonzwika ichivhiringidza, asi ngatichiparadze:
Chikoro chekugadzirisa mafungiro chinosanganisira kubatanidza kubatana kwepakutanga kusina zvematongerwo enyika (zvakadai sokutinhira kwebhero) nechishuvo chisina kufanirwa (kutora kwekudya).
Izvi zvinomutsa zvisingaiti uye zvakangoerekana zvinokonzera kusvetuka sekupindura kwezvokudya, izvo zvinozivikanwa semhinduro isingadiwi .
Mushure mekushamwaridzana kwekusarerekera kwekutakura uye kusagadziriswa kusingaiti, inzwi rebhero roga roga rinotanga kumutsa kusvetuka semhinduro. Kutinhira kwebhero ikozvino kunzi inozivikanwa semamiriro ekusimudzirwa uye kusvetuka mukupindura kwebhero inozivikanwa sehutano hwemamiriro ezvinhu .
Saka fungidzira imbwa inononoka painoona zvokudya. Mhuka yacho inozviita izvi zvisiri nyore. Haafaniri kudzidziswa kuita chiito ichi; zvinongoerekana zvangoitika.
Zvokudya ndizvo zvinowanzoitika zvinowanzoitika. Kana iwe wakatanga kurira bhero nguva dzose pawakapa iyo imbwa nechikafu, sangano raizoumbwa pakati pezvokudya uye bhero. Pakupedzisira bhero chete, aka yakafanirwa kukurudzirwa, yaiuya kuzomutsa salivation response.
Chikoro chechimiro chechimiro chakanyanya kupfuura kungoreva izwi rinoshandiswa kutsanangura nzira yekudzidza; inogonawo kutsanangura kuti maitiro akawandisa anogadzira sei hutano hwako. Funga kuti tsika yakaipa inogona kuumba sei. Kunyangwe iwe wakanga uri kushanda kunze uye uchidya utano, usiku hwekudya uchidya uchiramba uchingopedza kuedza kwako kwekudya.
Kuonga ku classical conditioning, iwe unogona kunge wakagadzirisa tsika yekuenda kukicheni kwechingwa nguva dzose apo bhizimusi richiuya apo iwe uri kutarisa purogiramu yako yeTV.
Kunyange zvazvo kutengeserana kwekambani kwaimbova kusagadzikana, kusanganisa kuwirirana nechisimba chisingadikanwi (kuva nechikafu chinonaka) kwakashandura zvikwereti kuti zvive zvakagadziriswa. Iye zvino pose paunoona zvekutengeserana, unoshuva kutapira kwakanaka.
Maitiro Anogadzirisa Maitiro Anoshanda
Kushanda kwemamiriro ezvinhu kunonyanya kushandiswa kushandisa kana kusimbisa kana kurangwa kuwedzera kana kuderedza tsika. Nenzira iyi, sangano rinoumbwa pakati pemafambiro uye nemigumisiro yezviito izvozvo. Somuenzaniso, fungidzira kuti mudzidzisi ari kuedza kudzidzisa imbwa kutora bhora. Apo imbwa inobudirira ichidzingisa uye inotora bhora, imbwa inogamuchira kurumbidzwa semubairo.
Apo mhuka yacho isingakwanisi kutora bhora, mudzidzisi wacho anorega kurumbidzwa.
Pakupedzisira, imbwa inoumba ushamwari pakati pemafambiro ake ekutora bhora uye kugamuchira mubayiro waunoda.
Kune mumwe muenzaniso, fungidzira kuti mudzidzi wechikoro anoranga mudzidzi kuti ataure zvake nekurega kurega mudzidzi achienda panze kuti adzoke. Somugumisiro, mudzidzi anogadzira ushamwari pakati pekuita (kutaurirana kunze kwekutsvaga) uye mugumisiro (usingakwanisi kuenda panze kuti udzoke). Somugumisiro, hutano hunooma hunoderera.
Zvimwe zvinhu zvinogona kukurudzira kuti nokukurumidza mhinduro inodzidzwa sei uye simba remhinduro. Nenguva yakawanda kupindura kunosimbiswa, kunozivikanwa sehurongwa hwekusimbisa , kunogona kuita basa rinokosha mukukurumidza kwekuti mufambiro unodzidzwa uye kuti simba rinopinda sei. Mhando yekusimudzirwa inoshandiswa inogonawo kuva nemigumisiro pamhinduro.
Semuenzaniso, apo purogiramu yakasiyana-yehuwandu ichaita kuti pave nehupamhi uye yakasimba yekupindura, purogiramu yakasiyana-siyana inotungamirira kune zvishoma nezvishoma uye zvisingatauriki mhinduro.
Mukuwedzera kune kushandiswa kudzidzisa vanhu nemhuka kuti vaite mune zvitsva, maitiro anoshanda anogonawo kushandiswa kubatsira vanhu kubvisa vasina kudiwa. Kushandisa urongwa hwemubairo uye kurangwa, vanhu vanogona kudzidza kukunda miitiro yakaipa iyo inogona kunge isina kukanganisa utano hwavo hwakadai sekusvuta kana kudya.
Kusiyana pakati peClassical uye Operant Conditioning
Imwe yenzira dzakajeka dzekuyeuka kusiyana kwechechi yekare uye kushandura mafungiro ndeyekuisa pfungwa pane kuti mufambiro hauna hanya kana kuzvidira.
Chikoro chechimiro chinosanganisira kushamwaridzana nekuzvidavirira uye kusavhiringidza, nepo kushandiswa kwemamiriro ezvinhu kune chokuita nekuzvipira kwekuzvipira uye mugumisiro
Mukugadzirisa mafungiro, mudzidzi anopiwa mubayiro uye anokurudzirwa, asi classical conditioning inosanganisa zvidzidzo zvakadaro. Uyewo, yeuka kuti chiitiko chechigadziriro chinenge chisingaiti chikamu chemuverengi, nepo kushandiswa kwemamiriro ezvinhu kunoda kuti mudzidzi atore pamwe nekuita chimwe chimiro chekuita kuitira kuti apiwe mubayiro kana kurangwa.
Nokuda kwekugadzirisa mafungiro ekushanda, nyaya yacho inofanira kutanga kuratidza unhu hunozove huripo huchapiwa mubayiro kana kurangwa. Chikamu chechigadziriro, kune rumwe rutivi, chinosanganisira kuumba sangano neimwe rudzi rwechiitiko chinenge chichiitika.
Mazuva ano, zvose zvechikoro uye zvinoshandiswa zvinogadziriswa zvinoshandiswa nekuda kwezvinangwa zvakasiyana nevadzidzisi, vabereki, psychologists, vadzidzisi vemhuka, nevamwe vakawanda. Mumhuka mamiriro ezvinhu, mudzidzisi angashandisa chimiro chechigadzirwa chekare kuburikidza nekudzokorora kuburitsa inzwi rekodhiki nekunaka kwekudya. Pakupedzisira, kutinhira kwechokuita chete kunotanga kubudisa mhinduro imwechete iyo chikafu chekudya chikazove.
Mukirasi yekugadzirira, mudzidzisi angashandisa mamiriro ekugadzirisa nekupa zvikwereti semubairo wekuita zvakanaka. Vadzidzi vanogona kutora matanho aya kuti vagamuchire mhando yemubairo wakadai sekurapa kana kutowedzera nguva yekutamba. Mune chimwe nechimwe chezviitiko izvi, chinangwa chekugadzirisa mamiriro ezvinhu ndechekuita chimwe chinhu chekuchinja mune mufambiro.
Shoko Rinobva
Chikoro chechimiro chechimiro uye chekuita mamiriro ezvinhu zvose zvakakosha dzidziso dzekudzidza dzakabva mukuzvibata kwepfungwa. Kunyange zvazvo aya maitiro maviri ekugadzirisa zvinhu akagovana zvimwe zvakafanana, zvakakosha kunzwisisa zvimwe zvekusiyana kwakakosha kuitira kuti zvinyatsoona kuti ndeipi nzira yakanakisisa kune dzimwe dzidzo dzekudzidza.
> Sources:
> McSweeney, FK & Murphy, ES. The Wiley Blackwell Handbook yeOptical and Classical Conditioning. Oxford: John Wiley & Sons; 2014.
> Nevid, JS. Zvinyorwa zvePychology: Concepts uye Applications. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth; 2012.