Basa reMhinduro Yakarongwa muClassical Conditioning
Muchikoro chechimiro , mhinduro yakagadziriswa ndiyo yakadzidza kugadziriswa pamusana pekusava neutongerwo enyika. Somuenzaniso, ngatimbofungidzira kuti kunhuwa kwezvokudya ndiko kusinganzwisisiki kusinganzwisisiki, kunzwa kunzwa nzara mukupindura kunhuwa kunopindurwa, uye kuchema kwekurira apo iwe unonzwa kunwa ndiwo mamiriro ekusimudzirwa. Mhinduro yakagadziriswa yaizonzwa ichinzwa nzara apo wakanzwa kurira kwemheremhere.
Paunenge uchidzidza chiitiko chechimiro, iwe unogona kuona zvichibatsira kuyeuka kuti mhinduro inogadziriswa ndiyo mhinduro yekudzidza inofungidzirwa .
Chikoro chechimiro chekugadzirisa mamiriro ose chinenge chichibatanidza kubatana kwepakutanga kusina kwematongerwe enyika kunokurudzira kune imwe nzira inokurudzira uye inogadzirisa inogadzira mhinduro. Mushure mekubatanidza mharidzo yeizvi mbiri pamwe chete nguva dzakakwana, sangano rinoumbwa. Iko kusati kwamboita zvematongerwe enyika kare kwacho kuchazoita kuti mhinduro iite yese pachayo. Parizvino iyo mhinduro inowanzikanwa sehutano hwemamiriro ezvinhu.
Mienzaniso Yakapindurwa Mhinduro
Mimwe mienzaniso yemhinduro dzakagadziriswa dzinosanganisira:
- Mafibias mazhinji anotanga mushure mekunge munhu ave nechinetso chisina kunaka nechinhu chinotyisa. Somuenzaniso, mushure mekupupurira njodzi yakaipisisa yemotokari, munhu angatanga kutya kutyairaira. Iko kutya ndiko kugadzirisa mhinduro.
- Kana mhuka yako yakajaira kudyiwa mushure mekutinzwa inzwi rekwanisa kana bhegi richizarurirwa, iye anogona kunge akafara chaizvo paanonzwa inzwi iroro. Iyi maitiro ndiyo mhinduro yakagadziriswa.
- Vana vazhinji vanowana zvirwere zvekudzivirira nguva dzose, uye mwana anogona kuchema semugumisiro wezvijovo. Mune zvimwe zviitiko, mwana angauya kuzobatanidza jekete chena rechiremba nehupenyu huno hunorwadza. Pakupedzisira, mwana angatanga kuchema pose paanoona munhu akapfekedza jira jena. Iyi tsika yekuchema ndiyo mhinduro yakagadziriswa.
- Munhu anorohwa nembwa inokakavara anganzwa manzwiro ekutya nekuzvidya mwoyo pose paanonzwa ruzha rukuru. Kutya kwevanhu vanonzwa pavanonzwa bark inogadzirisa mhinduro.
Mhemberero Inopindurwa muClassical Conditioning
Ngatinyatsoongororei kuti mamiriro ezvinhu akafanana sei anoshanda muchikoro chechimiro. Chirwere chemapurusi weRussia Ivan Pavlov akatanga kuwana classical conditioning process panguva yekutsvakurudza kwake pamusoro pemagadzirirwo emagetsi . Pavlov akacherechedza kuti imbwa dzaizoramba dzichienda kunongora nyama, asi iyo mushure mechinguva ivo vakatangawo kumira apo pavakaona jira jena rebazi mubatsiri akaisa nyama yacho.
Kutarisa kuswedera pedyo nechiitiko ichi, Pavlov akaunza inzwi rekutaura pose apo mhuka dzaidya. Pakupedzisira, sangano rakaumbwa, uye mhuka dzaizoramba dzichikwira pose pavakanzwa kurira, kunyange dai pasina zvokudya zvaivepo.
MuPavlov's classic experiment, chikafu chinomiririra icho chinozivikanwa sechisimba chisingadikanwi (UCS). Izvi zvinokurudzira nenzira yega uye zvinongotanga kuita zvinokonzera kusagadziriswa mhinduro (UCR), iyo iyi munyaya iyi yaiva salivation. Mushure mekugadzirisa kusinganzwisisiki kusina kufambidzana nemusana wekare, kutinhira kwekutaura, sangano rinoumbwa pakati peUCS uye kusagadzikana kwematongerwe enyika.
Pakupedzisira, kukanganisa kusati kwamboita zvematongerwe enyika kunotanga kusvitsa mhinduro imwe chete, panguva iyo izwi rinowanzozivikanwa sechikonzero chekusimudzirwa . Kunyatsotarisana mukupindurwa kwechikonzero ichi chinokonzera muenzaniso wekuita mamiriro ezvinhu.
Nzira Yokuziva Nayo Kupindura Kwacho
Kusiyanisa pakati pemhinduro isina kufanirwa uye mhinduro yakagadziridzwa dzimwe nguva inogona kuva yakaoma. Hezvino zvinhu zvishomanana zvekuyeuka apo uri kuedza kuziva mhinduro yakagadziriswa:
- Mhinduro yemamiriro ezvinhu inofanira kudzidziswa, asi kupindura kusingadikanwi kunoitika pasina kudzidza.
- Mhinduro yemamiriro ezvinhu ichaitika chete mushure mekunge sangano rave richiitwa pakati pekusimudzirwa kusina kutenderwa uye chikonzero chekusimudzirwa.
Kuvhiringidzwa
Saka chii chinoitika mumamiriro ezvinhu apo kusagadziriswa kusina kukwana hakugoni kuwirirana ne-conditioned stimulus? Muchiedza chaPavlov, somuenzaniso, chii chingave chakaitika kana chikafu chakanga chisingachagoni kubudiswa mushure mekutinhira kwezwi? Pakupedzisira, mhinduro inogadziriswa ichaderera zvishoma nezvishoma uye kunyange inopera, chirongwa chinozivikanwa sekupera .
Mune imwe mienzaniso yedu yapfuura, fungidzira kuti munhu akave nemagariro anogadzikana kuti anzwe achitya pose paanozvinzwa imbwa bark. Iye zvino fungidzira kuti munhu uyu ane zvimwe zvakawanda zvaanoona nembwa dzinoputika, izvo zvose zviri nani. Kunyange zvazvo mhinduro yakagadziriswa yakatanga kusimba mushure mechiitiko chakashata nembwa inoputika, mhinduro iyo inogona kutanga kuderera mumusimba kana kunyange pakupedzisira inonyangarika kana munhu wacho ane zviitiko zvakakwana zvakakwana apo hapana chakaipa painoitika apo iye akanzwa bark yembwa.
Shoko Rinobva
Mhinduro yemamiriro ezvinhu chikamu chinokosha chechikoro chekugadzirisa mafungiro. Nokuumba sangano pakati pekusimbiswa kwematongerwo enyika uye kusagadziriswa kusingaiti, kudzidza kunogona kuitika, pakupedzisira kunotungamirira kumhinduro yakagadziriswa.
Zvakakosha kuyeuka kuti mhinduro dzakagadzirirwa dzimwe nguva dzinogona kuva chinhu chakanaka, asi dzimwe nguva dzinogona kuoma. Kushamwaridzana kunogona kutungamirira kune unhu hwakanaka pane dzimwe nguva, asi zvinogonawo kutungamirira kune zvisingadi kana kuti mararaptive mafambiro zvakare. Nenzira inofadza, nzira imwechete yekudzidza maitiro yakatungamirira pakuumbwa kwemaitiro akachengetwa anogonawo kushandiswa kudzidzisa matsva matsva kana kushandura akare.
> Sources
- > Bernstein D. Zviitiko zvePsychology. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth; 2014.
- > Nevid JS. Zvinyorwa zvePychology: Concepts uye Applications. Boston: Cengage Kudzidza; 2015.