Pfungwa inogona kuva nemasimba ane simba pamuviri, uye mune zvimwe zviitiko inokwanisa kunyange kubatsira muviri kuporesa. Iyo pfungwa inogona kunyange dzimwe nguva kukunyengedza iwe mukutenda kuti kurapa kwenhema kune mhedzisiro chaiyo yekurapa, chiitiko chinonzi inozivikanwa se placebo. Mune zvimwe zviitiko, nzvimbo idzi dzinogona kushandisa simba rakawanda zvakakwana kuti titevedzere migumisiro yezvinoitwa kurapwa kwechokwadi.
Asi nzvimbo iyo inobatsira zvinopfuura kungofunga zvakanaka. Apo mhinduro iyi kune mushonga unonyengera unoitika, varwere vakawanda havazivi kuti vari kupindura kune izvo chaizvoizvo "piritsi ye shuga." Mahombekombe anowanzoshandiswa mukutsvakurudza kwezvokurapa kubatsira vanachiremba nevasayendisiti kuwana uye kunzwisisa zviri nani mamiriro ehupenyu uye mupfungwa dzemishonga mitsva.
Kuti uchinzwisise kuti nei nzvimbo yekuti placebo inokosha yakakosha, zvinokosha kuti unzwisise zvishoma nezvekuti sei uye sei inoshanda.
Kuongorora zvakanyanya paPeoplebo Effect
Iyo nzvimbo inonzi effectbo inotsanangurwa sechiitiko umo vamwe vanhu vanowana rubatsiro mushure mekutungamirirwa kwezvinhu zvisina kushandiswa kana kuti sham inorapwa.
Chii chinonyanya kukoshesa? A placebo chinhu chisingazivikanwe nezvemishonga inoshandiswa, yakadai semvura yakasviba, saline solution, kana piritsi ye shuga. A placebo chirwere chakaipa icho pane dzimwe nguva chinogona kubudisa mhinduro chaiyo chaiye.
Sei vanhu vachiona kuchinja kwechokwadi semugumisiro wemishonga inonyengera? Zvinotarisirwa nemurwere zvinoita basa rinokosha muhuipi hwepa placebo; kunyanya munhu anotarisira kuti kurapwa kushande, zvinowanzoita kuti varatidze mhinduro ye placebo.
Muzviitiko zvizhinji, munhu asingazivi kuti kurapwa kwavari kuwana ndiko chaizvoizvo nzvimbo inowanikwa.
Pane kudaro, vanotenda kuti ndivo vanogamuchira kurapwa kwechokwadi. Iyo nzvimbo yakagadzirirwa kuratidzika seyakanyatsofanana nekurapa kwechokwadi, kana iri mapiritsi, injection, kana kuti inoshandiswa mvura, asi ichocho hachina chaicho chaizoitika pane chirwere kana chiitiko chinotarisirwa kubata.
Zvakakosha kuziva kuti "placebo" uye "placebo effect" zvinhu zvakasiyana. Izwi rokuti placebo rinoreva chinhu chisingabatsiri pachako, apo izwi rokuti placebo effect rinoreva chero zviitiko zvekutora mishonga isingagoni kuonekwa kune kurapwa kwayo pachayo.
Nzvimbo dzepi dzinoshandiswa pakutsvakurudza kwezvokurapa?
Mukutsvakurudza kwezvokurapa, vamwe varwere mukudzidza vanogona kugadziriswa nzvimbo yepakati apo vamwe vatori vechikamu vanogamuchira kurapwa kwechokwadi. Chinangwa chekuita izvi ndechekuziva kana kana kwete kurapwa kunobatsira chaizvo. Kana vatori vanobata mishonga chaiyo vakaratidzira kuwedzera kukuru kune avo vanotora placebo, chidzidzo chinogona kubatsira kutsigira kudai kwekushandisa kwechirwere.
Kunyange zvazvo nzvimbo yebasa iri isina simba pane chirwere, inogona kuva nemigumisiro chaiyo yekuti vamwe vanhu vanonzwa sei. Kunyangwe simba iri rinogona kunge rakaita sei pane zvakasiyana-siyana. Zvimwe zvinhu zvinogona kukanganisa nzvimbo yepa placebo zvinosanganisira:
- Chimiro chechirwere chacho
- Izvo zvakasimba murwere anotenda kuti kurapa kuchashanda
- Mhando yemhinduro iyo murwere anotarisira kuona
- Chirongwa chemashoko akanaka chiremba anotaura pamusoro pemishonga yekubudirira
- Zvitachiona zvinogonawo kukanganisa maitiro avanoita vanhu kumarapirwo epa placebo
Chimwe chidzidzo chakaratidza kuti vamwe vanhu vangave vane ruzivo rwemagadzirirwo evanhu kuti vapindure zvakanyanyisa kune placebos. Muchidzidzo chacho, varwere vangave vaiva ne-high-kana--kusiyana-siyana kwegene rinodzora dopamine mazinga mu-prefrontal cortex yeuropi yakange yakasiyana nemhinduro kune placebo. Vaya vaiva ne-high-dopamine version yejeni vainyanya kuwana ruyamuro kumushonga we-placebo kupfuura avo vaiva ne-low-dopamine version yejeni.
Kutsvakurudza kwakawana kuti vanhu vane-high-dopamine version yegeneti iyi vanoitawo kuva nematambudziko makuru ekuona uye kutsvaga mubayiro.
Apo kuedza mishonga mitsva nemimwe nzira yekurapa, masayendisiti anofarira kudzidza nezvokuti mushonga uyu mutsva unokosha here mukurapa chirwere chinowedzera chero njodzi dzinogona kuitika. Kuburikidza nekutsvakurudza kwavo, vanoda kuziva kana kurapwa kwakabudirira, rudzi rwemigumisiro inogona kuunza, iyo varwere vanogona kubatsire zvikuru, uye kana iri yakawanda kana isiri kushanda kune dzimwe mishonga inenge yavapo.
Nokuenzanisa migumisiro yekurapa kune placebo, vatsvakurudzi vane tariro yekukwanisa kuona kana migumisiro yemishonga inokonzerwa nemishonga pachayo pachayo kana inokonzerwa nedzimwe shanduko.
Makomborero ekushandisa Placebo
Chimwe chezvinhu zvakakosha zvekushandisa placebo mune zvidzidzo zvezvehutano uye zvepfungwa ndezvekuti inobvumira vatsvakurudzi kubvisa kana kuderedza mhedzisiro izvo zvinotarisirwa zvinogona kuva nemugumisiro. Kana vatsvakurudzi vanotarisira kuwana chimwe chigumisiro, vangave vasingazivi vachibudisa zvinyorwa, vanozivikanwa sezvido zvekuda , izvo zvinogona kutungamirira vatori vechifanano kuti vafungidzire izvo vanotsvakurudza vanotarisira kuwana. Somugumisiro, mafambiro evanhu vanogona kuita dzimwe nguva anogona kuchinja.
Kuti vaite izvi zvishoma, vatsvakurudzi dzimwe nguva vanodzidzisa izvo zvinozivikanwa sechidzidzo chekuputika-mapofu . Kudzidza kwakadaro kunosanganisira zvose vanoedza uye vatori vechikamu vasingazivi kuti ndiani ari kugamuchira kurapwa kwechokwadi uye uyo ari kugamuchira kunyengera. Nokuderedza dambudziko rezvinyengeri zvisiri izvo zvinokonzera kuongorora, vatsvakurudzi vanokwanisa kutarisisa kuti zvinokonzerwa sei nemishonga uye placebo.
Mienzaniso yePeoplebo Effect
Semuenzaniso, ngatitii mumwe ari mubatsiri akazvipira kuti aongorore kushandiswa kwemusoro wemishonga mutsva. Mushure mokutora mushonga uyu, anoona kuti musoro wake unokurumidza kubuda, uye anonzwa zviri nani. Zvisinei, iye gare gare anodzidza kuti akanga ari muboka re-placebo uye kuti mishonga yaakapiwa yaiva chete piritsi ye shuga.
Chimwe chezvinhu zvakanyatsodzidza uye zvakasimba zvikuru zvinokonzera nzvimbo inowedzera kuderedza marwadzo. Maererano nezvimwe zvinofungidzira, anenge 30 kusvika ku60 muzana yevanhu vachanzwa kuti kurwadziwa kwavo kwakaderera mushure mekutora piritsi ye placebo.
Mune zvimwe zviitiko, kunyange kurapwa kwechokwadi kunogona kunobatsira kubva panzvimbo ye placebo. Vatsvakurudzi vakaona kuti kunyatsobudirira kwekurapa kunobudiswa nechiremba kunobatsira kuti varwere vanoteerera sei kurapwa.
Nzvimbo Inobatsira Muedzo wePsychology
Mukufungidzira kwepfungwa, nzvimbo yepa placebo inorapwa musingaiti kana chinhu chinenge chisingazivikanwi nemigumisiro. Vatsvakurudzi vangashandisa boka rekuchengetedza nzvimbo, iro riri boka revatori vechikamu vanoratidzwa panzvimbo yeboobo kana shanduko yakazvimirira yakazvimirira. Izvo zvinokonzerwa nemushonga uyu wepa placebo zvino inofananidzwa nemigumisiro yechokwadi yakasiyana yakazvimiririra yechido muboka rekuedza .
Kunyange zvazvo nzvimbobosbos isina mishonga chaiyo, vatsvakurudzi vakawana kuti vanogona kuva nemhando dzakasiyana dzepanyama uye yepfungwa. Vabatanidzwa mumapoka e placebo vakaratidza kuchinja kwehutano hwemwoyo, kukanganiswa kweropa, kushushikana, maonero ekurwadziwa, kuneta, uye kunyange uropi hunoita. Izvi zvinokonzera basa reropi muhutano nekugara zvakanaka.
Chii Chinokonzera Kufamba Kwemahofisi?
Nepo vatsvakurudzi vanoziva kuti nzvimbo inonzi effectbo inoshanda, haisati yanyatsonyatsonzwisisa kuti sei uye sei nei izvi zvichiitika. Kutsvakurudza kuri kupfuurira pamusoro pekuti sei vamwe vanhu vanoona kuchinja kunyange kana vari kungogamuchira nzvimbo yebasa. Zvinhu zvakasiyana zvakasiyana zvinogona kuita kuti kutsanangurwa kwechiitiko ichi kuvepo.
Placebos Inogona Kutora Mhinduro dzeHormone
Imwe inogona kutsanangurwa ndeyokuti kutora placebo kwakakonzera kusunungurwa kwe endorphins. Endorphins ine chimiro chakafanana ne morphine uye mamwe opiate painkillers uye vanoita sehuropi chaihwo hwepanyama painkillers.
Vatsvakurudzi vave vachikwanisa kuratidza nzvimbo iyo inobatanidzwa muchiito vachishandisa maitiro europi, zvichiratidza kuti nzvimbo dzine dzakawanda dzinogamuchira opiate dzakabatanidzwa munzvimbo mbiri dzepa placebo nemapoka ekurapa. Naloxone inopikisana neopioid iyo inodzivirira zvose zvinowanzogadzirwa endorphins uye maopioid mishonga. Kushandisa ikoxone, reliefboin painbo relief kunoderedzwa.
Zvatinotarisira zvinogona kukanganisa Placebo Mhinduro
Zvimwe zvinotsanangurwa zvingave zvinosanganisira kugadzirisa mafungiro, kukurudzira , uye kutarisira. Mune zvimwe zviitiko, placebo inogona kuwirirana nemishonga chaiye kusvikira yasvika pakusvitsa zvinodiwa, muenzaniso wekugadzirisa mamiriro ezvinhu . Vanhu vane chido chikuru chekutenda kuti kurapwa kuchashanda, kana kuti ndiani aive nebasa rekurapa pakutanga, angangodaro akawana nzvimbo ye placebo.
Kunyora kushingaira kwechiremba kwekurapa kunogona kukanganisa kuti muteereri anopindura sei. Kana chiremba achiita seakanaka chaizvo kuti kurapa kuchava nemigumisiro yakanaka, murwere angangodaro achiona zvakabatsiro kubva pakutora mishonga. Izvi zvinoratidza kuti nzvimbo ye-placebo inogona kuitika kunyange apo murwere ari kutora mishonga chaiyo yekurapa chirwere.
Mafiroti Anogonawo Kubudisa Mitemo Yakasvibiswa
Asiwo, vanhu vanogona kuona zviratidzo zvisina kunaka sekupindura kune nzvimbo yepakati, mhinduro iyo dzimwe nguva inonzi "inoratidzira". Semuenzaniso, murwere angataura kuti ane musoro, kusuruvara kana dutu mukupindura panzvimbobho.
Iko Kunesimba Ipi Nzvimbo Icho Chibudirira?
Kunyange zvazvo nzvimbo ye-placebo inogona kuchinja maitiro avarwere vanonzwa, zvidzidzo zvinoratidza kuti zvinokonzerwa ne placebo hazvina matanho makuru pane chirwere chepfungwa. Chimwe chekudzokororwa kukuru kwemashure anopfuura 200 kunosanganisira kushandiswa kwenzvimbo dzakasvibiswa kwakawana kuti placebo yakanga isina maitiro makuru ekurapa paurwere. Pane kudaro, nzvimbo iyo inobatsira yakave nemigumisiro kune zviitiko zvevarwere-zvakataurwa, kunyanya kwemaonero ekunyunyuta uye kurwadziwa.
Zvisinei, imwezve kudzokorora kwakaitwa makore matatu gare gare yakawana kuti mumarudzi akafanana, nzvimbo mbiri uye marapirwo aiva nemigumisiro yakafanana. Vanyori vakapedzisa kuti placebos, kana yakashandiswa zvakakodzera, inogona kubatsira varwere sechikamu cherongwa hwekurapa.
Shoko Rinobva
Izvo nzvimbo inokonzerwa nayo inogona kuva nemasimba ane simba pamanzwiro anoita vanhu, asi zvakakosha kuyeuka kuti haisi mushonga wemamiriro ezvinhu epasi. Nekushandisa shanduko mukutsvakurudza, masayendisiti anokwanisa kuwana pfungwa yakanaka yekuti marapirwo anokonzera sei varwere uye kana mishonga mitsva uye nzira dzokurapa dzakachengeteka uye dzinoshanda.
> Sources:
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> Hall, KT. et al. Catechol-O-Methyltransferase val158met Polymorphism Inofanotaura kuti Placebo Inobatsira mu Irritable Bowel Syndrome. PLOSOne; 2012. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0048135.
> Howick, J, et al. Mishonga inobatsira here kupfuura nzvimbobos? Kuongorora kwakarongeka uye meta-analysis. PloS One. 2013; 8 (5); e62599. doi: https: //dx.doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0062599.
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