Vanhu vazhinji vakanzwa nezvekuzivikanwa kweRorschach inkblot test umo vapindura vanobvunzwa kutarisa mifananidzo isina kukodzera yekinyorwa ndokubva vatsanangura zvavanoona. Chiyero chinowanzoonekwa mune tsika yakakurumbira uye inowanzoratidzwa senzira yekuzarura pfungwa dzomunhu dzisinganzwisisi, vavariro kana zvido.
Rorschach inkblot test ndiyo chirongwa cheprojekiti chepfungwa chepfungwa chakagadzirwa muna 1921 neSwitzerland wezvepfungwa dzekuSwitzerland rinonzi Hermann Rorschach.
Kazhinji inoshandiswa kuongorora hupenyu uye kushanda kwepfungwa, ndiyo yechipiri inowanzoshandiswa kuongorora hutongi pashure peMMPI-2 . Imwe tsvakurudzo yakaitwa muna 1995 inokwana 412 yezvipatara zvepfungwa mune zveAmerican Psychological Association yakaratidza kuti 82% vanoshandisa Rorschach inkblot kuongorora dzimwe nguva.
The History of the Rorschach Test
Rorschach zvechokwadi haasi iye wokutanga kuratidza kuti kududzirwa kwomunhu kwechiitiko chinonyadzisa kunogona kubudisa pachena zvakavanzika zveunhu hwake. Angave akafuridzirwa kuti atange muedzo wake unozivikanwa nemhando dzakasiyana-siyana.
Sezvo mukomana, Rorschach aifarira zvikuru klecksography kana unyanzvi hwekuita zvifananidzo kubva pane zvinyorwa. Sezvo iye akakura, Rorschach akatanga kufarira kune unyanzvi uye zvepfungwa . Akatobudisa mapepa ekuongorora maitiro evarwere vepfungwa, vachiratidza kuti unyanzvi hwavakagadzira hunogona kushandiswa kudzidza zvakawanda pamusoro pehupenyu hwavo.
Imwe mutambo yakasikwa muna 1896 uye yakabatanidzwa nekugadzira zvinyorwa zvinyorwa zvekushandisa ipapo sezvinokurudzira nyaya kana ndima. Alfred Binet akaedzawo kushandisa pfungwa yekushandisa shanduro senzira yekuedza kusimba uye pakutanga akaronga kuisa zvinyorwa muongororo dzake.
Akafuridzirwa zvichida kuburikidza nehutano hwake hwehuduku uye kudzidza kwake kwechiratidzo cheGurmund Freud chokurota, Rorschach akatanga kukurudzira nzira yakagadziriswa yekushandisa kushandiswa sechinhu chekuongorora.
Rorschach akatanga nzira yake mushure mekudzidza zvidzidzo zvinopfuura 400, kusanganisira vanopfuura 300 varwere vepfungwa uye 100 zvidzidzo zvekutonga. Bhuku rake ra1921 rinonzi Psychodiagnostik rakabudisa zvinyorwa zvine gumi zvaakasarudza seine hutano hwepamusoro hunokosha. Bhuku racho rakanyatsotsanangura nzira yake yekugadzirisa mhinduro kumubvunzo.
Rorschach's book yakawana zvishoma kubudirira, uye akafa kamwe kamwe pazera remakore makumi mana gore rakatevera mushure mekunyora kwacho. Kutevera kushandiswa kwebhuku, zvisinei, zvirongwa zvakasiyana-siyana zvekuongororwa zvakabuda. Chiyero chave chakakura kuti chive chimwe chezvinhu zvakajairika zvinoshandiswa mupfungwa.
Muedzo weRorschach Unoshanda Sei?
Rorschach test inosanganisira 10 inkblot mifananidzo, dzimwe dzayo dzakasviba, dzichena kana dzidzi uye dzimwe dzayo dzine mavara. Nyanzvi yezvepfungwa iyo yakadzidziswa mukushandiswa, kuongororwa nekududzirwa kwemuedzo inoratidzira imwe neimwe yemakadhi gumi kumunhu anenge apomerwa mhosva. Nyaya yacho inobvunzwa kurondedzera zvaanofunga kuti kadhi rinoratidzika sei. Vakapindura vane rusununguko kuti vatsandure chimiro chisinganzwisisiki kunyange chavanoda. Vanogona kutarisa pamufananidzo wose, pane zvimwe zvikamu zvechifananidzo kana kunyange pane denga rakapoteredza chifananidzo.
Kana imwe nyaya ichipa mhinduro, nyanzvi yezvepfungwa achazobvunzazve mamwe mibvunzo kuitira kuti nyaya yacho iwedzere kujekesa pane zvaanoona pakutanga.
Nyanzvi yezvepfungwa inotarisawo maitiro ehuwandu hwezvimwe zvinoshandiswa zvakadai sokuti nyaya yacho yakatarisa mufananidzo wose. Izvi zvinyorwa zvino zvinoshandurirwa uye zvinonongerwa muhuwandu hwemunhu.
Mhosva dzeRorschach Test
Pasinei nokududzirwa kweRorschach test, yakaramba ichitaura nharo huru. Muedzo wacho wakatsoropodzwa zvikuru mukati me1950 nema1960 nekuda kwekushaikwa kwehutano hwakanaka, kuongorora nzira uye maitiro.
Kusati kwa1970, kwaiva nehuwandu hwakawanda hutsva hutano hwakasiyana hwakasiyana-siyana zvokuti hunofanirwa kuratidza zvikamu zvishanu zvakasiyana zvemuedzo.
Muna 1973, John Exner akabudisa nhepfenyuro yakatsvaga maitiro matsva akabatanidza zvinhu zvakasimba pane zvekare kare. The Exner scoring system iye zvino ndiyo nzira inoshandiswa mumutungamiri, kuongororwa, uye kududzirwa kweRorschach test.
Mukuwedzera kune kutsoropodza kwepakutanga kwezvisinganzwisisikwi zvikwata zvehurongwa, vadzidzisi vanocherechedza kuti kuedza kwehurumende kusina kusimba kunoreva kuti haikwanise kuziva zvakajeka zvikuru zvinetso zvepfungwa . Sezvaunogona kufungidzira, kuongororwa kwemuedzo kunogona kunge yakagadziriswa zvikuru. Chimwe chezvinyorwa zvinokonzerwa neRorschach ndeyokuti haina kuvimbika . Vanachiremba vaviri vanogona kusvika pakusarudza kwakasiyana zvakasiyana kunyange kana vachitarisa mhinduro imwechete yenyaya.
Chiyero chinonyanya kushandiswa mukurapa kwepfungwa uye kupa mazano, uye avo vanoishandisa nguva dzose vanowanzoita senzira yekuwana ruzivo rukuru rwehutano pamusoro pekuti munhu anonzwa nekushanda sei. Muongorori uye muchengeti anogona kukwanisa kutsvaga zvimwe zvezviitiko izvi panguva yekurapa.
Muedzo uyu wakaratidza humwe hunobudirira pakuongororwa kwezvirwere zvinoratidzwa nepfungwa dzakatsauka dzakadai schizophrenia uye bipolar disorder. Dzimwe nyanzvi dzinonyevera kuti kubvira panguva iyo Exner scoring system ine zvikanganiso, vanachiremba vangangodaro vanogona kutarisa kuongororwa kwepfungwa dzepfungwa kana vachivimba zvikuru neEexner's system.
Pasinei nekukakavadzana uye kutsoropodza pamusoro pemashandisirwo ayo, kuongorora kweRorschach kunoramba kushandiswa zvakanyanya mazuva ano mumamiriro akasiyana-siyana akadai sezvikoro, zvipatara nematare edzimhosva.
Nhasi, vamwe vanofunga nezvepfungwa vanobvisa Rorschach sechimwe chezvinyorwa zvepfungwa zvekare, pseudoscience par par ne phrenology uye parapsychology, iyo yekupedzisira iyo isingafaniri kuvhiringidzwa nehana yepamusoro yepfungwa . Vanyori Wood, Nezworski, naGarb vanotaura kuti kunyange zvazvo Rorschach zvechokwadi yakakodzera kutsoropodzwa, hazvisi zvisina kukodzera. Kushandiswa kwemuedzo mukuzivikanwa kwematambudziko ekufunga kwakange kwakanyatsogadziriswa, uye kutsvakurudza kuripo kunotsanangura kuti kuedza kwekuita kwakakosha kudarika iyo yenyasha.
Zvimwe Psychology Tsanangudzo: The Psychology Dictionary
> Sources
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> Wood, JM, Nezworski, MT, & Garb, HN (2003). "Zvakakoshai neRorschach?" Scientific Review of Mental Health Practice , 2 (2).