Menthol Cigarettes Anoda Kuenda ...
Cigarettes stink.
Ngarave ndiyo imwechete-inonyanya kudzivirirwa chikonzero chekufa uye kufirwa muUnited States. Gore roga roga, inofungidzirwa kuti vanhu 443 000 vekuAmerica vanofa nehutu hwehutu, uye vanhu 8,6 mamiriyoni vanogara vane zvirwere zvakashata uye nekuremara kunowedzera kushandiswa kwefodya. Ngarave dzinoparadza hutano hwevanhu; havasi kungouraya vashandisi asiwo kuisa munhu wose kufema muutsi hwechipiri ari pangozi, zvakare.
Ngarave dzinofanira kunge dzisina kufanana kwenguva iyo patakanga tisingazivi zvishoma nezvekuti zviduku zviduku zvefodya uye zvinowedzera zvinokonzera kenza neCOPD. Panzvimbo pezvo, Bigweguru rinoramba richibudirira uye rinosungirirwa uye rinosunungura chigadzirwa chavo kune vose - kunyanya vachiri kuyaruka uye vaduku-vane tariro yokuti isu tose tinosangana.
Apo mumwe munhu anouraya kana kuuraya mumwe munhu, tinotarisira kuti ruoko rwakakurumidza rwekururamisira kweAmerica kuratidzira kurangwa kwakakodzera. Zvisinei, apo kambani huru yefodya inouraya mamiriyoni asingaverengeki, kambani inobhadharwa nemari. Tiri kurarama munyika ine mitsetse yakasvibiswa, apo muurayi wemumwe munhu mumwe muchengeti wemubatsiri kana PAC senator.
Chinhu chinokosha uye chekufananidzira chinotanga kupedzisira kugadziriswa kwekutengesa fodya kunogona kurambidza kutengesa kwema menthol cigarettes - kufamba kunenge kusati kwamboitika. Kunyanya, muna 2009 mitsara inorambidzwa kushambadza fodya yekutengesa kusanganisira michero yevhisi uye clove (kretek).
Nebvumirano iyi yemidzanga yakasvibiswa, FDA yakatarisira kuita kuti fodya isakidze kune vechidiki. Zvisinei, menthol cigarettes, uye yakareba yakanyanya kufarirwa cigaretti ine 25 muzana yemugove wemari, ichiri kutengeswa kune vechidiki uye vamwe pasina chipingamupinyi. Uyezve, menthol haisi kungofanana nokuvhunga; iyo mishonga ine anesthetic properties.
Muna 2009, mutemo wefodya wakaiswa pasi pesimba reCentral for Tobacco Products pa Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Nzvimbo yepakati yepamusoro yekuita basa yaive yekuona kuti mishonga fodya yakanganisa sei kana yakaenzaniswa nemidzanga isina gorofu. Kunyanya, iyo nzvimbo yakarisa kushandisa menthol kushandiswa kwegodya pakati pevechiri kuyaruka, vashoma uye avo vanoedza kusiya. Pasinei nekuwana kwavo kutyisa kwakabudiswa muna 2013, menthol cigarettes inoramba iri pamusika.
The Seedy Underbelly of Cigarette Advertisement
Inofanira kuuya kusishamisi kuti Big Tobhi inosvibisa. (Nokuti, zvisinei nekufungidzira, kuparara, tarisa Jason Reitman's film-de-force film Ndinokutendai Nokusvuta.) Kudengeswa kwema menthol cigarettes ndiyo muenzaniso mukuru wekuti makambani akareba emidzanga anotengesa sei purofiti.
Muhurukuro yakasununguka inonzi "Marketing of menthol cigaretta uye pfungwa dzevatengi: kuongororwa kwezvinyorwa zvemabhizimisi zvefodya," vatsvakurudzi veUCSF vanoita basa rakanakisisa pakuenzanisira kuti vanoita fodya vanokonzera sei menthol mumidzanga kuvanhu. Heano zvimwe zvezvavakawana:
- Menthol fodya yakatanga kusikwa muna 1920 nemurume wechidiki ainzi Lloyd "Spud" Hughes mushure mekunge asasa makriststall mu fodya yake. Amai vake vakanga vamupa menthol nokuda kwematonho aaiwanzoona. Kushora fodya kwakatanga kuva menthol cigarete inowanikwa mune zvekutengeswa yakateverwa naKool Menthol muna 1933.
- Menthol inotonhora, inotonhora uye inoteteka inoshandiswa inotsanangura kuti sei inoshandiswa mulozenges, kugadzirisa-kupisa, mazino, muromo wemukati nezvakadaro. Kutasva pamabhadharo emagariro ekufungidzirwa kwema menthol anoonekwa, ma menthol cigarettes akatanga kutengeswa nemashoko ehutano. Makambani efodya akati mak mentol fodya aiva akachengeteka uye akawandisa kupfuura zvisiri zvemafirimu. Zvokutanga zvekutsvaga zvakabudisa chirongwa mum menthol cigarettes se "chakanatswa," "kusunungura musoro," uye mishonga yekukanganiswa uye kuputika kwehuro.
- Pakuvamba kwema1950, mishonga-menthol-ine-noutano hwakanaka yakasimuka, uye veAmerica vakatanga kunzwisisa kuti fodya yaiva isina kunaka. Nekudaro, gore negore kunyanya kushandiswa kwemidzanga kwakaderera muna 1953 uye muna 1953 chete kuti gare gare ienderere mberi kuburikidza nema1970. Hapana mubvunzo kuti achinzwa kutyisidzirwa, Bigwe fodya rakadzokororazve maitiro ayo ekuzivisa uye yakaderedza pasi kuti menthol yakanga ine utano. Zvisinei, kambani dzefodya dzichiri kukwikwidza kuti menthol fodya dzakanga dzakachengeteka uye dzakasimbiswa kuti menthol cigarettes "ainyaradza" uye "anozorodza." Zvinosuruvarisa, kusvikira nhasi, vazhinji ve menthol vanoputa vanoramba vachifunga kuti menthol fodya ndeyeutano, yakaoma, nyore nyore kusvuta uye kuchengeteka kudarika zvisizvo zvidzanga fodya.
- Pakazosvika makumi ma1960, zviziviso zvema menthol fodya zvakanga zvanyanya kuipa. Kunyanya zvakanyanya, vanoita fodya vakatanga kutora vaAfrica veAmerica sevanhu vanozvimiririra uye vanozivisa mumisika yemaguta ne "mufananidzo weguta." Uyezve, shoko remushumo akadaro rakatora pfungwa yakajeka uye yakatsauka iyo yakarongerwa nehurumende yekodzero yekufambisa uye yakatarira "Diversity / Community." Kana imwe nguva yakasimbiswa, iyi "chifananidzo chemuguta" iyo inoratidzika ne "mararamiro emaguta" yakashandiswa kuumba mu-neboka uye kukwezva vamwe vashoma uye vatsvene kune mishonga yemagwaro.
- Pakazosvika ma1980, vadzidzisi vefodya vakatanga kushambadzira kune vechidiki - kunyanya vakadzi vaduku-vachiedza kuvanyengetedza kuti menthol fodya yakasvibiswa nemasikirwo evanhu, vasingateereri, vanosemesa, vanovhiringidzika, vanozivikanwa uye vanyengeri. Mune mamwe mazwi, Big Big fodya raiziva kuti kusvuta kwaive chinhu chinokosha chekugara pakati pevechidiki uye chakatorwa pane izvi.
- Pari zvino, kunyange zvazvo vazhinji vevanhu vane mishonga vanoputa vachena, kune kuwandisa kusina kukodzera kwema menthol cigarette kushandiswa pakati peAfrica Americans, vamwe vanhu veSpain, vechidiki, vakadzi ne "lighter" vanoputa.
Zviwanikwa paDAF Chidzidzo Kuongorora Menthol nekushamba kweNonmenthol Cigarettes
Muna 2013, FDA yakabudisa migumisiro yekudzidza kwayo kwakanzi "Preliminary Scientific Assessment yeZviitiko Zvingaitwa Nehutano hwehutano hweMenthol kusvika kuNonmenthol Cigarettes." Pano pane zvikamu zvina kubva muchidzidzo ichi. Kutanga, menthol cigarettes haisi yakashata sezvisingabatsiri fodya. Chechipiri, kushandisa menthol cigarette kunobatanidza nekuwedzera kusvuta kushandiswa nevechidiki. Chechitatu, menthol cigarettes inonyatsobatanidzwa nekudhakwa kukuru, kuvimba kwakanyanya uye kuoma kukuru nekuguma. Mune mamwe mazwi, menthol cigarettes yakanyanya kuoma kurega pane zvisiri zvemajeri. Chechina, nekuda kwekunyepedzera uye kunonatsa maitiro e menthol, menthol cigarettes inopisa ngozi kune hutano hwevanhu. Pane imwe nhoroondo yakabatana, muna March 2011, kunyange isati yatanga kubudiswa, FDA yakakurudzira kuti "kubviswa kwema menthol cigarettes kubva pamusika kwaizobatsira utano hwevanhu muUnited States."
Pakupedzisira, zvichibva pakuenzanisa, dzimwe nyanzvi dzinoratidza kuti mumakore makumi mana anotevera, kufa kwevanhu 300 000 kusvika ku600 000 kunogona kudziviswa nekuisa marambidzwa ekutengeswa kwe menthol cigarettes.
Saka nei mabheji asina kubvisa menthol fodya? Ndiyo mubvunzo we $ 64,000-dollar. Iko zvino 2015, uye zvese zvandinoona zviripo ndezvakaitika muna 2013 uye zvakapfuura.
Ndine mamwe maonero ekuti nei menthol tsvina ichiri kusimba. Chokutanga, hapana chekutsvakurudza kwemashoko kana mazano ari kusungira - kunyanya kuita ruzivo urwu rwakaoma sehutongerwo hwematongerwo enyika. Chechipiri, pamwe nevose vayo vanogadzirisa mishandirapamwe uye mupiro wemishandirapamwe, Gorofi Guru rine hutsi hwehurumende kuhurumende yeUnited States uye inorwisa zino nemisungo kuti irege kuva nechechina yekutengesa kwayo inomira nekudzivisa kutengesa kwema menthol cigarettes. Chechitatu, zvichida FDA yaifunga kuti takakanganwa nezvekurambidzwa kwema menthol - shure kwezvose, vakamira kukumbira mhinduro kubva munzira yevanhu zvakare muna 2013. Zvakanaka, nharaunda yezvechiremba ichiri kuyeuka saka iwe unofanira iwe.
IUnited States nyika yehukuru. Hurumende yedu yakawana Independence kubva kuBritish, yakagumisa uhuvha, yakarwisana neAxis simba uye yakagadzira Hondo Yenyika Yose pamusoro peKutyisidzira. Zvisinei, mungozi yedu yakaipa kwazvo, fodya, yakakura muVirginia kwete kure neguta redu redu.
Kunyange zvazvo menthol cigarettes inoyamwa, kubvisa zvachose kuchave kwakaoma zvikuru. Ichokwadi, pane zvimwe zvipfeko zvinoshandiswa pakuiswa kwefodya zvakasanganisira zvipingamupinyi pamushambadziro, asi menthol cigarettes ari mupenyu uye zvakanaka. Kusiyana neizvi, Eparamende yeEuropean yakasarudza kubvisa ment ment cigarettes muna 2022.
Kana iwe kana munhu waunoda, utsi hwema menthol (kana nguva dzose) fodya, inguva yakakwirira yekurega. Ramba uchifunga kuti kupera kubudirira ihondo inowanzotora miedzo yakawanda. Uyezve, kunyange zvazvo zvinoshamisa, kupera kwomunhu mumwe chete chikamu chimwe chete chechipiri. Iwe, shamwari dzako nemhuri yako inofanira kutumira tsamba kune FDA ichikumbira kubvumidzwa kwema menthol cigarettes, uye nokuda kwehuwandu hwehutano, tumira tsamba ku congressperson yako ne White House, zvakare.
Ndapota yeuka kuti hurumende inofanirwa kushanda kwatiri uye kwete iyo inobatanidza zvinodiwa nevashambadzi vakasiyana-siyana vefodya. Mushure mezvose, kudzivirira nguva dzose kunopfuura kuporesa - kwete kuti isu tine kunyange kurapa kwemukenza wemapapu, COPD uye mamwe matambudziko akawanda anokonzerwa neutsi hwefodya.
Ndiri kuenda kunopera nokuwedzera kukufungidzira kwandakaita kare. Kana Big Big-fodya raiva munhu, zvingava zvinopfuura kungouraya vanhu vazhinji. Nokutsvaga mahedheni akafanana neeAfrica America, Big Bigwag iri kuita kuparadza.
Sarudzo Sources
Chinyorwa chakanzi "Kutengeswa kwemaketheni emagetsi uye pfungwa dzevatengi: kubvunzurudzwa kwemakambani ekufambisa fodya" naSJ Anderson yakabudiswa muTobbi Control (BMJ Journals) muna 2011.
Chinyorwa chakanzi "Kusvuta Kupedza Kubviswa Kwevamwe Pakati peAmerica Vakasvuta Menthol neNonmenthol Cigarettes" neCD Delnevo nevanyori vanyori vakabudiswa muAmerican Journal of Preventive Medicine muna 2011.
Nyaya inonzi "Preliminary Scientific Kuongorora Kunogona Kushandiswa kwehutano hwehutano hweMenthol neyeNonmenthol Cigarettes" Zvokudya neDrug Administration