Chii Chinoitika Pakati peSensorimotor Nzvimbo Yokufungisisa Njere?

Muongorori wepfungwa wekuSwitzerland, Jean Piaget akatanga chirevo chekukura kwevechidiki chinokonzera kuti vana vanofambisa kuburikidza nezvikamu zvina zvinotyisa zvekugutsikana kwekuziva . Nharaunda imwe neimwe inoratidzirwa nekushandurwa kwekuti vana vanonzwisisa uye vanobatana sei nenyika yakavapoteredza.

Zvikamu zvina zvePiaget zvekuvandudza kwepfungwa zvakabatanidza chinangwa chemawere, kubvira pakuberekwa kusvikira kune makore maviri; danho rinotangira , kubva pazera rechipiri kusvikira pazera remakore manomwe; kero yekrete yekushanda , kubva pazera remakore 7 kusvikira ku11 uye chepamutemo chekushanda , iyo inotanga mukuyaruka uye inopfuurira kuva munhu mukuru.

The Sensorimotor Stage

Iyi ndiyo yekutanga muPiaget yedzidziso yekuvandudza njere. Akatsanangura nguva iyi se nguva yekukura kukuru uye kuchinja.

Munguva iyi yekutanga yekufambira mberi, vana vanoona nyika uye vanowana ruzivo kuburikidza nemafungiro avo uye motokari. Sezvo vana vachibatana nemamiriro avo ezvinhu, vanofamba nekuwanda kwechishamiso chekuziva kwekuziva mune imwe nguva pfupi.

Chikamu chekutanga chePiaget chidzidzo chinobva pakuberekwa kusvika kune makore maviri uye chinotarisana nechecheche achiedza kunzwisisa nyika. Pakati pechitsauko chepakati, ruzivo rwecheche rwenyika runogumira kune pfungwa dzake dzekunzwisisa uye motokari. Maitiro anongopedzisira kugadziriswa kwema motokari anokonzerwa nekushungurudza.

Vana vanoshandisa unyanzvi uye mano avo vakazvarwa nawo (zvakadai sokutarisa, kuyamwa, kubata, nekuteerera) kudzidza zvakawanda pamusoro pemamiriro ezvinhu.

Chinangwa Permanence

Maererano naPiaget, kusimbisa chinhu chisingaperi chiri chimwe chezvinhu zvakakosha zvakagadziriswa pachinangwa chekuvandudza. Chinangwa chekugara ndechokuti mwana anzwisise kuti zvinhu zvinoramba zvichiripo kunyange zvazvo zvisingagoni kuonekwa kana kunzwa.

Chimbofungidzira mutsara wepeek-a-boo, somuenzaniso.

Mwana muchechecheche achange akatenda kuti mumwe munhu kana chimwe chinhu chakanyangarika uye chichaita chishamiso kana kushamiswa kana chinhu ichocho chichikohwa. Vacheche vacheche vanonzwisisa chinhu chisingaperi vachaziva kuti munhu kana chinhu chinoramba chichipo kana zvisingaoneki.

Zvikamu zveSensorimotor Stage

Iyo inotora nzvimbo inogona kugoverwa mumatanhatu matanhatu akasiyana-siyana ayo anozivikanwa nekuvandudzwa kweunyanzvi hutsva:

1. Reflexes (mwedzi 0-1) : Munguva iyi, mwana anonzwisisa mamiriro ezvinhu zvakakwana kuburikidza nemafungiro asina kuberekwa akadai sekuyamwisa nekutarisa.
2. Primary Circular Reactions (Mwedzi 1-4) : Izvi zvinosanganisira kugadzirisa kunzwa uye zvirongwa zvitsva. Somuenzaniso, mwana anogona kuyamwa chigunwe chake nechiitiko uye pashure pacho achidzokorora chiito. Izvi zviito zvinodzokororwa nokuti mucheche anozviwana zvinonakidza.
3. Secondary Circular Reactions (Mwedzi 4-8) : Panguva iyi, mwana anonyanya kuisa pfungwa pamusoro penyika uye anotanga kuronga chiito kuti aite mhinduro mumamiriro ezvinhu. Semuenzaniso, mwana achabata chinangwa chokutsvaga kuitira kuti aise mumuromo wake.
4. Kugadziriswa Kwezvakaita (mwedzi 8-12) : Panguva iyi, mwana anotanga kuratidza zviito zvakajeka. Mwana wacho anogonawo kusanganisa schemas kuitira kuti awane zvinodiwa. Vana vanotanga kutsvaga zvakatipoteredza uye vanowanzotevedzera maitiro avanocherechedza evamwe. Kunzwisisa kwezvinhu kunotangawo panguva ino uye vana vanotanga kuziva zvimwe zvinhu seine unhu hwakanaka. Semuenzaniso, mwana angangodaro anoziva kuti kubhururuka kuchaita inzwi kana kuzununguswa.

1. Zvidzidzo zveMitambo Zvakawanda (mwedzi 12-18) : Vana vanotanga nguva yekuedza-uye-kukanganisa panguva yechishanu chechipiri. Semuenzaniso, mwana anogona kuedza mhere-mhere yakasiyana kana zviito senzira yekuwana kutarisa kubva kune mutarisiri.
2. Mafungiro Okutanga Anofunga (18-24 mwedzi) : Vana vanotanga kukura zviratidzo kuzomiririra zviitiko kana zvinhu zviri munyika mupfungwa yekupedzisira. Munguva ino, vana vanotanga kufamba vachienda kunzwisise nyika kuburikidza nekushanda kwepfungwa pane kungoita nemaitiro chete.

> Sources:

> Piaget, J. (1977). Gruber, HE; Voneche, JJ eds. The Essential Piaget. New York: Basic Books.

> Piaget, J. (1983). Dzidziso yaPiaget. MuP. Mussen (ed). Handbook of Child Psychology. 4th edition. Vol. 1. New York: Wiley.

> Santrock, John W. (2008). Nzira Yakasanangurwa Yehupenyu Hupenyu hweSpan (4 ed.). New York City: McGraw-Hill.