Maitiro makuru uye zviitiko maererano naPiaget
Shanduro yekufananidzira ndiyo yechipiri chepfungwa yePiaget yekuvandudzwa kwekuziva . Iyi nhanho inotanga kusvika kumakore maviri sezvo vana vanotanga kutaura uye vachipedzisira kusvika kusvika makore makumi manomwe. Munguva ino, vana vanotanga kuita zvekufananidzira kutamba uye kudzidza kudzidzira zviratidzo. Zvisinei, Piaget akacherechedza kuti havasati vanyatsonzwisisa konkiti.
Zviratidzo zvePamberi Yokutanga
Nzvimbo yekugadzirira inoitika inenge iri pakati pemakore 2 ne7.
Kuvandudza mutauro ndechimwe chezvinhu zvinoratidza nguva iyi. Piaget akanyora kuti vana vari munharaunda ino vasati vachinzwisisa zvigwaro zvemagetsi, havagoni kuisa mupfungwa mazano uye havagoni kutora pfungwa yevamwe vanhu, iyo yaanoti egocentrism .
Munguva yekugadzirira kushanda, vana vanowedzera kunyatsogona kushandisa zviratidzo, sezvinoratidzwa nekuwedzera kwekutamba uye kuzviita. Somuenzaniso, mwana anokwanisa kushandisa chinhu kunomiririra chimwe chinhu, sekufananidzira somutsva ibhiza. Kutamba basa kunobatsirawo panguva yekufananidzira. Vana vanowanzoita basa re "Amai," "baba," "chiremba," uye mamwe maitiro akawanda.
Egocentrism MuChinhu Chokutanga Chokutanga
Piaget akashandisa nzira dzakawanda dzekusika uye nouchenjeri kuti adzidze mano ekufunga kwevana. Imwe yenzira dzakakurumbira kuratidzira kuzvipira kunosanganisira kushandisa nhatu-dimensional kuratidzwa kwemakomo.
Kazhinji inonzi "Basa reMakomo matatu," vana vanokumbirwa kusarudza mufananidzo wakaratidza chiitiko chavakanga vaona.
Vana vakawanda vanogona kuita izvi zvishoma. Zvadaro, vana vanokumbirwa kusarudza mufananidzo unoratidza izvo mumwe munhu angave akacherechedza paanotarisa gomo kubva pane zvakasiyana.
Nenguva isipi, vana vanowanzosarudza nzvimbo iyo ichiratidzira maonero avo emakomo. Maererano naPiaget, vana vanoona dambudziko iri nokuti havagoni kutora pane imwe munhu.
Vamwe vatsvakurudzi vakaitawo zvimwe zvakaongororwa. Mune rumwe ruzivo, vana vairatidzwa nzvimbo mune imwe shomba duku. Vana vaikwanisa kuona mune dhora kuti chikoyi chakanga chakavanzwa mushure meimwe faira. Vana vakabva vatorwa muimba yakazara-yakakura iyo yakanga yakanyatsoratidzirwa nehodha. Vana vaduku zvikuru vakanga vasinganzwisisi kutarisa kumubhedha kuti vawane chido, asi vana vaduku vakangoerekana vatsvaga chido.
Vashandi vezvepfungwa vanobudirira vanotaura kukwanisa kunzwisisa kuti vamwe vanhu vane maonero akasiyana, mafungiro, manzwiro, uye pfungwa dzepfungwa sechitendero chepfungwa.
Kuchengetedza muPreoperational Stage
Chimwe chiitiko chinonyatsozivikanwa chinosanganisira kuratidza kunzwisisa kwomwana kuchengetedza. Mune imwe nzira yekuchengetedza, zviyero zvakaenzana zvemvura zvinodururwa muzvikamu zviviri zvakafanana. Mvura iri mune imwe mudziyo inodururirwa mumukombe wakasiyana-siyana, wakadai semukombe wakareba uye wakaonda kana kapfupi uye yakavhara kapu. Vana vanobva vabvunzwa kuti ndeipi mukombe inobata mvura yakawanda.
Pasinei nokuona kuti mvura yakakwana yakaenzana, vana vanoda nguva dzose kusarudza kapu inowiridza.
Piaget akaita zvimwe zvakaongororwa zvakafanana pakuchengetedza kwenhamba, urefu, masero, uremu, ivhu, uye huwandu. Akawana kuti vana vashomanana vakaratidza kunzwisisa kupi zvako kwekuchengetedza vasati vava nemakore mashanu.
Shoko Rinobva
Sezvaungangodaro wakacherechedza, zvakawanda zvePiaget zvakananga pane iri danho rekufambira mberi zvakanyanya pane izvo vana vaisagona kuita . Idzo pfungwa dzekuzvipira uye kuchengetedza zviri zviviri zvakabatanidzwa pamano avo vana vasina kumbogadzira; vanoshaya kunzwisisa kuti zvinhu zvinotarisa kune vamwe vanhu uye kuti zvinhu zvinogona kuchinja muchitarisiko asi vachiri kuchengetedza zvimwechetezvo.
Zvisinei, havasi vose vanobvumirana naPiaget kuongorora kwehutano hwevana. Mumwe muongorori Martin Hughes, somuenzaniso, akataura kuti chikonzero chokuti vana vakakundikana pamakomo matatu basa raiva chete kuti havana kunzwisisa. Mukuedza kwakaitwa kushandiswa kwemadhora, Hughes akaratidzira kuti vana vaduku sezera remakore mana vakakwanisa kunzwisisa mamiriro ezvinhu kubva maonero akawanda, vachiratidza kuti vana vave vaduku vashoma pane imwe yekare kupfuura Piaget vakatenda.
> Sources:
Rathus, SA. (2011). Utano uye Kuyaruka: Mafambiro Mukuvandudza. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, Cengage Kudzidza; 2011.
Santrock, JW. Zviitiko zveHupenyu-Span Development Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill College; 2014.
Sigelman, CK, & Rider, EA. Upenyu-Span Human Development. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, Cengage Kudzidza; 2012.