Kukurukurirana kwepfungwa nevepfungwa kwakange iri nheyo yakagadzirwa nemunhu anonzi psychoanalyst ainzi Sigmund Freud . Dzidziso yake yakarondedzera kuti hupenyu hwakagadzirwa sei pahuduku hwako. Kunyange zvazvo dzidziso iyi inonyatsozivikanwa mune zvepfungwa, yakagara ichikakavhiringidza, zvose panguva yaFrud uye mune zvepfungwa dzemazuva ano.
Saka, zvikamu zvepfungwa zvepabonde zvinoshanda sei? Freud aidavira kuti humwe hunobudirira kuburikidza nezvikamu zvehutano hwehuduku umo kushingaira kutsvaka mafaro eI id kunotarisa kune dzimwe nzvimbo dzisina kunaka. Iyi simba repfungwa, kana libido , rakarondedzerwa senzira yekufambisa kwemaitiro.
Psychoanalytic theory yakaratidza kuti humwe hutano hunosimbiswa nezera remashanu. Zviitiko zvepakutanga zvine basa guru mukusimudzira unhu uye rinoramba richikurudzira mafambiro gare gare muupenyu.
Saka chii chinoitika panguva imwe neimwe? Zvakadini kana munhu asingakwanisi kufambira mberi nechikwata chakanaka kana chakanaka? Kana izvi zvikamu zvepfungwa zvepabonde zvinopedzwa kubudirira, hutano hwakanaka hunoguma.
Kana dzimwe nyaya dzikasagadziriswa panguva yakakodzera, kugadzirisa kunogona kuitika. Chigadziro chinongoramba chichifunga pane imwe nzvimbo yapfuura yepabonde. Kusvikira murwisana urwu rwagadziriswa, munhu wacho acharamba "akabatanidzwa" munharaunda iyi. Semuenzaniso, munhu anogadzirirwa pamuromo wepamusoro anogona kunge akazvidzivirira kune vamwe uye anogona kutsvaga mumuromo kuburikidza nekusvuta, kunwa, kana kudya.
1 - The Oral Stage
Zera Range: Kuberekwa kusvika 1 Gore
Erogenous Zone: Mouth
Munguva yehurukuro yemumuromo, mwana wekutanga anowanzobatana achishandisa muromo, saka kubvongodza uye kufungidzira kwakanyanya kunokosha. Muromo unokosha pakudya, uye mucheche anowana kufara kubva mumuromo kunomutsa kuburikidza nemabasa anofadza zvakadai sokunonoka nekuyamwisa.
Nemhaka yokuti mucheche wacho anonyanya kuvimba nevatarisi (avo vane basa rokudyisa mwana), mucheche anovakawo pfungwa yekuvimba uye kunyaradza kuburikidza nekukurudzira kwemuromo.
Nharo huru pamatongerwo aya ndeyekusvimha misodzi - mwana anofanira kunge asingakwanisi kuvimba nevatarisi. Kana kugadziriswa kuchiitika panguva ino, Freud akatenda kuti munhu angave ane nyaya nekutendeseka kana kukanganisa . Kugadziriswa kwemuromo kunogona kukonzera matambudziko nekunwa, kudya, kusvuta, kana kusvetwa kwembambo.
2 - The Anal Stage
Zera Range: 1 kusvika kumakore matatu
Erogenous Zone: Bowel uye Chirafu Kudzora
Munguva yechirwere chakareruka, Freud aidavira kuti chinangwa chekutanga che libido chaiva chekudzora chikwata uye maronda. Kurwisana kukuru kwechikwata ichi chidziro chekudzidzira - mwana anofanira kudzidza kudzivirira zvaanoda mumuviri. Kukudziridza hutungamiri uku kunoita kuti uwane pfungwa yekuita uye kuzvimirira.
Maererano naFrud, kubudirira panguva iyi kunobva pane nzira iyo vabereki vanoenda kuchikoro chekudzidzira. Vabereki vanoshandisa rumbidzo uye mibairo yekushandisa chimbuzi panguva yakakodzera vanokurudzira zvibereko zvakanaka uye kubatsira vana kunzwa kuti vanogona uye vanobudirira. Freud aidavira kuti zviitiko zvakanaka panguva iyi yakashanda senheyo yevanhu kuti vave vakwanise, vanobudirira, uye vanhu vakuru vanogadzira .
Zvisinei, havasi vabereki vose vanopa rubatsiro nekukurudzirwa izvo vana vanoda panguva iyi. Vamwe vabereki panzvimbo pekuranga, kuseka kana kunyadzisa mwana nekuda kwezviitiko.
Maererano naFeudud, mhinduro dzevabereki dzisina kukodzera dzinogona kuguma nemigumisiro yakaipa. Kana vabereki vakatora nzira iyo isinganyanyi kukosha, Freud akarayira kuti unhu hwekutsvaga- hunogona kuitika umo munhu wacho ane hutsinye, hutsvina, kana kuti hunoiparadza unhu. Kana vabereki vakamanikidzika kana kuti vanotanga chimbudzi kudzidziswa kare kare, Freud aidavira kuti unhu hunoratidzira-huri hunobuda mumunhu iyeye akaoma, anorongeka, akaoma, uye anokanganisa.
3 - Phallic Stage
Zera Range: Makore matatu kusvika ku6
Erogenous Zone: Genitals
Freud akarayirwa kuti panguva yepallic stage, chinangwa chikuru che libido chiri pamakumbo edzimba. Panguva ino, vana vanotangawo kuona kusiyana pakati pevarume nevakadzi.
Freud aidavirawo kuti vakomana vanotanga kuona mababa avo seanovhiringidza rudo rweamai. Nhaurirano yeOedipus inorondedzera manzwiro aya ekuda kuva nemadzimai uye chido chokutsiva baba. Zvisinei, mwana wacho anotyawo kuti acharangwa nababa nekuda kwemanzwiro aya, kutya Freud kunonzi kushungurudzika kunetseka .
Izwi rokuti Electra complex rakashandiswa kurondedzera mamiriro akafanana emanzwiro anowanikwa nevasikana vaduku. Freud, zvisinei, aifunga kuti vasikana vanogona kunge vane ruzivo rwegodo .
Pakupedzisira, mwana anotanga kuzivisa nemubereki mumwechete wepabonde senzira yekukunda ane mumwe mubereki. Kune vasikana, zvisinei, Freud aidavira kuti penizi godo harina kumbogadziriswa zvakakwana uye kuti vakadzi vose vanogara vakagadzirirwa panguva ino. Nyanzvi dzepfungwa dzakadai saKaren Horney dzikakavhiringidza nheyo iyi, ichiidza iyo isiri yakarurama uye inozvidza vakadzi. Pane kudaro, Horney akarayira kuti varume vanzwe manzwiro ekuderera nokuti havagone kubereka vana, pfungwa yaakareva pachibereko chechivengo .
4 - Nguva Pfupi
Zera Range: 6 kusvika Kuberekwa
Nharaunda yakashata: Manzwiro epabonde haabviri
Munguva iyi, huwandu hunoenderera mberi huchiri kubudirira apo simba reD id rinodzingwa. Vana vanokura unyanzvi hwemagariro evanhu, hutsika uye hukama nevezera nevakuru kunze kwemhuri.
Kubudirira kwe ego uye superego kunobatsira panguva ino yekudzikama. Nharaunda inotanga kusvika nguva iyo vana vanopinda kuchikoro uye vanova nehanya zvikuru nehukama hwevezera, zvinokuvaraidza, nezvimwe zvinodiwa.
Nguva yakadzama nguva yekutsvaga iyo simba rekuita zvepabonde richiripo, asi rinotungamirirwa mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzakadai sekutsvaga kwepfungwa uye kushamwaridzana kwevanhu. Iyi danho rinokosha pakuvandudzwa kwehutano hwevanhu uye hutano uye kuzvivimba.
5 - Genital Stage
Zera Range: Kuberekwa kusvika Kufa
Erogenous Zone: Kukwidziridza zvekuita zvepabonde
Kutanga kwekuyaruka kunoita kuti libido ishande zvakare zvakare. Munguva yekupedzisira yekutengesa kwepabonde, munhu anoita zvekuita zvepabonde zvakasimba kune vakomana nevasikana. Iyi nhanho inotanga munguva yekuyaruka asi yekupedzisira muhupenyu hwehupenyu hwose.
Ikoko pane zvikamu zvekutanga zvakangotarisa chete pane zvido zvemunhu mumwe nomumwe, kufarira muhupenyu hwevamwe kunokura panguva iyi. Kana zvimwe zvikamu zvakapedzwa kubudirira, munhu wacho anofanira kunge ava kunyatsogadzikana, akadziya, uye ane hanya. Chinangwa chemuganhu uyu ndechekugadza kuenzanisa pakati pezvipenyu zvakasiyana-siyana.
6 - Kuongorora mafungiro eFyudisch Stage
Nhepfenyuro yaFeudud inoramba ichitarisana nharo nhasi, asi fungidzira kuti yakashinga yakaita sei pakupera kwema1800 uye kutanga kwema1900. Pakave nekucherechedza uye kutsoropodza kwe Freud's psychosexual theory pane zvimwe zvikonzero, kusanganisira svesa uye vakadzikadzi zvinotsanangurwa:
- Iyi nyanzvi inongowanikwa zvakanyanya mukusimudzirwa kwevarume pasina kutaurwa zvishoma nezvekukurudzira kwepfungwa dzepabonde.
- Zvinyorwa zvake zvakaoma kuedza zvesayenzi. Mazano akadai se libido haakwanisi kuenzana, saka haagoni kuongororwa. Tsvakurudzo yakaitwa inoita kuti kuderedza pfungwa dze Freud.
- Zvichaitika munguva yemberi hazvina kujeka. Tingaziva sei kuti mufambiro wezvino wakakonzerwa zvakananga nehutano hwehuduku? Nguva yakareba pakati pechikonzero nemigumisiro yakareba zvakanyanya kufungidzira kuti kune ukama pakati pemhando mbiri.
- Dzidziso yaFeudud inobva pane zvidzidzo zvenyaya uye kwete kutsvakurudza zvinyorwa. Uyewo, Freud akatsigira pfungwa dzake pamarangariro evarwere vake vakuru, kwete pameso ekucherechedza nekudzidza kwevana.
Shoko Rinobva
Kunyange zvazvo vanhu vashomanana vatsigiri vakasimba vedzidziso yeFrud yekuvandudza kwepfungwa dzepfungwa nhasi, basa rake rakapa zvipo zvinokosha pakunzwisisa kwedu kwekuvandudzwa kwevanhu. Zvichida chipo chake chakakosha uye chinogara chiripo ndechokuti pfungwa dzisina ruzivo dzinogona kuchinja simba rehupenyu hwevanhu.
Nhepfenyuro yaFeudud yakasimbisawo kukosha kwezviitiko zvekutanga zvekuvandudza. Kunyange zvazvo nyanzvi dzichiri kuramba dzichikakavadzana nezvezvipo zvakabatanidzwa zvepakutanga zvichienderana nezvakazoitika, nyanzvi dzinokurudzira dzinoziva kuti zviitiko zvehupenyu hwepakutanga zvine basa rinokosha pakuvandudza uye zvinogona kuva nemigumisiro yekusingaperi muupenyu hwose.
Chimwe chinhu chinokosha chokucherechedza ndechekuti mazuva ano psychoanalytic maonero ehuhu hunobudirira akaisa nekusimbisa pfungwa pamusoro pehukama hwepakati uye nekubatana uye nzira dzakaoma dzatinochengetedza manzwiro edu pachedu mumitambo yakatanga na Freud.
> Sources:
> Carducci, BJ. The Psychology of Personality: Viewpoints, Research, and Applications. UK: John Wiley & Vanakomana; 2009.
> Freud, S. Zvipo Zvitatu Pfungwa Yebonde (Annotated). Arcadia Ebook; 2016.
> Shaffer, DR & Kipp, K. Developmental Psychology: Vana uye Adolescense. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Cengage Kudzidza; 2010.