Maziviro Aanoita Anoshandura Ubongo
Brain plasticity, inozivikanwawo seurouroplasticity, izwi rinoreva kukwanisa kweuropi kuchinja nekugadzirisa semuenzaniso wezviitiko. Vanhu pavanotaura kuti uropi hune plastiki, haisi kureva kuti uropi hwakafanana nepurasitiki. Neuro inoreva neurons, masero emagunha ayo ari zvivako zvehuropi uye nervous system, uye mapurasitiki anoreva kuora kwehuropi.
Nhoroondo uye Tsvakurudzo yeBrain Plasticity
Kusvikira kuma1960, vatsvakurudzi vaifunga kuti kuchinja muuropi kunogona kungoitika panguva yehucheche nehucheche. Pakukura kwevanhu vakuru, zvaitendwa kuti hutano hwepfungwa hwakange husingagumi. Kutsvakurudza kwemazuva ano kwakaratidza kuti uropi hunoenderera mberi nekugadzirisa nzira itsva dzevhuringi uye kuchinja huripo huripo kuitira kuti uenzane nezvakaitika zvitsva, dzidza ruzivo rutsva, uye ugadzire zvinhu zvitsva.
Nyanzvi yezvepfungwa William James yakaratidza kuti uropi hwaisave husingashanduki sezvakamboitavira kare kare muna 1890. Mubhuku rake "The Principles of Psychology," akanyora, "Nyaya yehupenyu, kunyanya mishonga inotyisa, inoita seyakagadzirwa nepurasitiki yakawandisa zvikuru . " Zvisinei, pfungwa iyi yakanyanya kunyatsorambwa kwemakore mazhinji.
Muma1920s, mutsvakurudzi Karl Lashley akapa uchapupu hwekuchinja mumigwagwa yeurusus ye rhesus monkeys. Pakazosvika makore makumi matanhatu, vatsvakurudzi vakatanga kutsvaga mamiriro ezvinhu umo vakuru vakwegura vakange vatambura nemarwadzo makuru vakakwanisa kudzokerazve kushanda, vachiratidza kuti uropi hwakanga husingagadziriswi kupfuura hwekare hwakatenda.
Vatsvakurudzi vemazuva ano vakagamuchirawo uchapupu hwokuti uropi hukwanisa kubhadharira iwe pachako uchitevera kukuvara.
Zvikonzero Zvinoita Kuti Ubongo Hwaonekwe Sisingashanduki
Mubhuku rake rinotambudza "The Brain That Changes Itself: Stories of Personal Triumph Kubva Kumiganhu yeBongo Science," Norman Doidge anoratidza kuti chivimbo ichi chokuti uropi hahugone kushanduka chinowanzobva pamatatu makuru makuru, kusanganisira:
- Kutenda kwekare kuti ubongo hwakanga hwakafanana nemichina inoshamisa, inokwanisa kuita zvinhu zvinoshamisa zvisingaiti zvekukura nekuchinja.
- Kuona kwekuti vanhu vainge vatambura zvakakomba zveuropi vaigara vasingakwanisi kudzoka.
- Kushaya kukwanisa kunyatsoona mabasa mashoma europi zvakabatanidzwa mune pfungwa yokuti uropi hwaive hwakagadziriswa.
Kutenda nekufambira mberi kwemazuva ano mune teknolojia, vatsvakurudzi vanogona kuwana kutarisa-kusati-kutaridzika kwouropi hwekuita mukati. Sezvo kuongorora kwemazuva ano neuroscience kuchibudirira, vatsvakurudzi vakaratidza kuti vanhu havasi ivo chete pamagariro avo avanozvarwa nawo uye kuti uori hwakakonzerwa kazhinji hunokwanisa chaizvo kuchinja kunoshamisa.
Iyo Brain Plasticity Inoita Sei
Uropi hwemunhu hunoumbwa inenge 86 mabhiriyoni neuroni . Vatsvakurudzi vekare vaifunga kuti neurogenesis , kana kusikwa kwetsva neuroni, yakamira nguva pfupi mushure mekuberekwa. Nhasi, zvinonzwisiswa kuti uropi hune simba rinoshamisa rekugadzirisazve nzira, kugadzira zvitsva zvitsva, uye, pane dzimwe nguva, kunyange kugadzira neuron itsva.
Zviratidzo zveNeuroplasticity
Iko kune maitiro mashomanana anojekesa maitiro europlasticity, kusanganisira:
- Inogona kusiyanisa nezera. Kunyange zvazvo mapurasitiki anowanikwa mukati mehupenyu hwose, mamwe maitiro ekuchinja anonyanya kukosha panguva yemakore ehupenyu. Uropi hunochinja humwe huzhinji mumakore ekutanga ehupenyu, somuenzaniso, sezvo uropi husina kukura huchikura uye hunoronga huri. Kazhinji, hutano hudiki hunowanzove hunova nehanya uye hunozvipira kune zviitiko kupfuura hukuru hwakakura.
- Inosanganisira nzira dzakasiyana-siyana. Purasitiki inopfuurira mukati mehupenyu uye inosanganisira masero europi kunze kweyeurons , kusanganisira glial uye vascular cells.
- Zvinogona kuitika nekuda kwezvikonzero zviviri zvakasiyana. Purasitiki inogona kuitika semugumisiro wekudzidza, ruzivo, nekurangarira kugadziriswa, kana semugumisiro wekukuvadza kuuropi. Kunyange zvazvo vanhu vaisatenda kuti uropi hwakagadziriswa mushure mezera rimwe, kutsvakurudza kutsva kwakaratidza kuti uropi harudi kuchinja mukupindura kwekudzidza. Muzviitiko zvekukuvadza kwouropi, zvakadai sepanguva yekurohwa, nzvimbo dzeuropi dzakabatana nemamwe mabasa zvinogona kukuvadzwa. Pakupedzisira, zvikamu zvine utano hwehuropi zvinogona kutora izvo zvinoshanda uye mano anokwanisa kudzorerwa.
- Zvakatipoteredza zvinoita basa rinokosha pakuita. Genetics inogonawo kuchinja. Kukurukurirana pakati pezvakatipoteredza uye mageneti inobatsirawo pakuumba huropi hwepurasitiki.
- Brain plasticity haisi nguva dzose yakanaka. Kuchinja kwebongo kunowanzoonekwa sekuvandudzika, asi izvi hazvisi nguva dzose. Mune zvimwe zviitiko, uropi hunove hunove hwakakanganiswa nezvinhu zvepfungwa kana zvirwere zvinogona kuita kuti zvive nemigumisiro yakaipa pauropi nemafambiro.
Mhando dzeBurin Plasticity
Kune marudzi maviri europlasticity, kusanganisira:
- Basa rePurasitiki: Unyanzvi hwehuropi hwekufamba huchibva kune imwe nzvimbo yakakonzerwa neuropi kuenda kune dzimwe nzvimbo dzisina kunaka.
- Chimiro chepurasitiki: Unyanzvi hwehuropi hwekuchinja sarudzo yako yepanyama sechikonzero chekudzidza.
Maonero Ehupi Hwedu Kuchinja
Makore mashomanana ekutanga ehupenyu hwemwana inguva yekukura kwehupi nokukurumidza. Pakuberekwa, neuron yega yega mu-cerebral cortex ine inofungidzirwa kuti 2 500 synapses; nezera remakore matatu, nhamba iyi yakakura kusvika pakuita 15000 synapses per neuron.
Ivhareji yevanhu vakuru, kunyange zvakadaro, ine inenge hafu iyo nhamba ye synapses. Sei? Nokuti apo patinowana zviitiko zvitsva, humwe hukama hunosimbiswa apo vamwe vanobviswa. Iyi nzira inozivikanwa se synaptic pruning. Neuroni inoshandiswa nguva dzose inowedzera kuwirirana kwakasimba uye izvo zvisingawanzoshandisi kana kusamboshandiswa pakupedzisira dzinofa. Nokukudziridza hukama hutsva nekuchekerera zvishoma simba, uropi hunokwanisa kugadzirisa kune hupenyu hunochinja.
> Sources:
> Doidge N. Ubongo Hunochinja Kwahwo: Nhau dzeMunhu Wokukunda Kubva kumiganhu yeBongo Science. New York: Viking; 2007.
> James W. The Principles of Psychology. Makirasiki muNhoroondo yePsychology. Green CD, ed. 1890.
> Kolb B, Gibb R. Brain Mipuranga uye Maitiro muKuvandudza Ubongo. Clarke M, Ghali L, eds. Zvinyorwa zveCanada Academy of Child uye Adolescent Psychiatry . 2011; 20 (4): 265-276.
> Hockenbury SE, Nolan SA, Hockenbury D. Kuziva Psychology. 7th ed. New York, NY: VaBhizimisi Vanokosha; 2016.
> Hoiland E. Ubongo Purasitiki: Chii? Chudler EH, ed. Neuroscience yevana. University of Washington.