Ndezvipi zvinogona kukonzera munhu kana mhuka kuti arege kupinda muhutano hwekare? Kukanganiswa ndechimwe tsanangudzo. Mukufunga kwepfungwa, kuparara kunoreva kukurumidza kuderera kweshoko rakagadziriswa rinoita kuti mufambiro uwedzere kana kupera. Mune mamwe mazwi, chimiro chechimiro chinozoguma chichimira.
Somuenzaniso, fungidzira kuti iwe wakadzidzisa imbwa yako kuti izunungure maoko.
Nokufamba kwemazuva, hupenzi hwacho hwakanyanya kushamisika. Iwe unorega kubhadhara maitiro uye pakupedzisira usiye kukumbira imbwa yako kuti izununguswe. Pakupedzisira, mhinduro yacho inopera, uye imbwa yako haichazozviratidzi.
Zvinokonzera Kukwaniswa uye Iyo Inosvika
Mu classical conditioning , apo chiitiko chinogadziriswa chinoratidzwa chiri choga pasina kusimudzirwa kusingafungirwi , mhinduro inogadziriswa ichaguma. Semuenzaniso, muPavlov's classic experiment , imbwa yakarongedzwa kuti ikwanise kunzwika bhero. Apo bhero raiwanzobudiswa risina kupa mharidzo yezvokudya, sarudzo yekupindura yakazopedzisira yapera.
Mune hutano hunoita , kuparara kunoitika apo mhinduro isingasimbiswi mushure mekusimudzira kusarura. BF Skinner akatsanangura kuti akaona sei izvi zvinoshamisa:
"Kutanga kwangu kwokutanga kupera kwakaratidzwa nengozi.Kurati yakanga iri kuisa chikwata muchiedza chekuita satiation apo ganda remapepa rakaputika.Ndakanga ndisiko panguva iyoyo, uye pandakazodzoka ndakawana mazamu akanaka. kuomesa kunyange zvazvo pasina pellets yakagamuchirwa ... ... Kuchinja kwaiva kwakarongeka kupfuura kupera kwemazariro reflex munzvimbo yaPavlov, uye ndaifara zvikuru.Aiva musi weChishanu masikati uye kwakanga kusina munhu mu laboratori yandingaudza. Zvose vhiki yevhiki iyi ndakayambuka mumugwagwa nekuchengetedzwa kwakanyanya uye ndadzivisa zvose zvinetso zvisingakoshi zvekudzivirira kuwanikwa kwangu kubva pakurasika kuburikidza nekufa kwandakafa. "
Mienzaniso Yokuderera
Ngatinyatsoongororai mimwe mienzaniso miviri yekupera.
Fungidzira kuti mumwe mutsvakurudzi akadzidzisa ruzha rwekoro kuti aise kiyi kuti awane ganda rekudya. Chii chinoitika apo muongorori ari kurega kupa zvokudya? Apo kupererwa hakuzoitiki pakarepo, zvichaitika mushure menguva. Kana iyo tsanangu ichiri kuramba ichinyanya kukosha asi isingawani ganda, mufambiro uchazoguma uchingopera kusvikira hunyangarika zvachose.
Chimiro chemavira maitiro anokwanisawo kukanganiswa nekuparara. Fungidzira kuti wakadya imwe ice cream zvakanaka usati wakura uye uchikandira. Somugumisiro, iwe wakagadzira kunakirwa kwemaarame cream uye ukadzivisa kudya, kunyange zvazvo kwaimbova imwe yezvokudya zvako zvaunofarira.
Imwe nzira yekukunda iyo kusadikana ingadai iri kuzviratidza kune ice cream, kunyange kana pfungwa yekudya iyo yakakuita kuti unzwe uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uine. Iwe unogona kutanga nokutora zvishoma zviduku zvishomanana kakawanda. Sezvawakaenderera mberi kudya chikafu usina kurwara, iwe unofungidzirwa nehupenyu hwaizoguma uchingopera.
Kukanganiswa hakurevi kuti rakapera nokusingaperi
Kana mhinduro yakagadziriswa isisati yasarudzwa, izvi zvinoreva here kuti zvakapera nokusingaperi? Mukutsvakurudza kwake pamusoro pezviitiko zvekugadzira, VaPavlov vakawana kuti kana kuparara kuchiitika, hazvirevi kuti nyaya yacho inodzokera kumamiriro avo asina kufanirwa. Kubvumira maawa akawanda kana kuti mazuva kuti apedzisire mushure mokunge mhinduro yadzimwa kunogona kuguma nokudzikinurwa kwepachimwe chekupindura. Kuzvinyima kwemazuva ose kunoreva kukurumidza kuonekwa kwepakutanga kupedzisira kupindura.
Mukutsvakurudza kwake pamusoro pemamiriro ezvinhu, Skinner akawana kuti uye sei kana mufambiro unosimbiswa unogona kuita kuti kusagadzikana kwave kupera.
Akaona kuti purogiramu yakasarudzwa yekusimbisa (kusimbisa mufambiro chete chikamu chenguva) yakabatsira kuderedza mikana yekuparara. Panzvimbo pane kusimbisa maitiro nguva nenguva nguva inoitika, kusimbiswa kunopiwa chete mushure mekunge imwe nguva yapera kana imwe nhamba yemhinduro dzakamboitika. Iyi purogiramu yakasarura inoguma mukuzvibata kwakasimba uye kunopesana nekuparara.
Zvimwe Zvinogona Kuita Kuti Kuparadzwe
Zvinhu zvakawanda zvinogona kukanganisa kusagadzikana maitiro ndekuparara. Simba rekugadzirisa kwepakutanga kunogona kuita basa rinokosha.
Izvo zvakanyanya kugadzirisa kwave kuitika uye ukuru hwemhinduro yakagadziriswa inogona kuita kuti mhinduro igone kusagadzikana kupera. Maitiro anonyatsogadziriswa angasvike asingakwanisi kupera uye anogona kuramba achiratidzwa kunyange mushure mekugadziriswa kwabviswa zvachose.
Imwe tsvakurudzo yakaratidza kuti kugara kunogona kuita basa pakuparara zvakare. Semuenzaniso, kudzokorora kuruvara rwemagetsi kunogona kutungamira iwe kuti ushandise, kana kugara. Nemhaka yokuti iwe wakave wakagadziriswa nemamiriro ekusimudzirwa, iwe unowanzove usina hanya nazvo uye hazvikwanisi kupindura mhinduro, pakupedzisira zvichiita kuti kupera kwemaitiro akafanirwa.
Unhu hwevanhu hunogonawo kuita basa pakuparara. Chimwe chidzidzo chakawana kuti vana avo vainyanya kuzvidya mwoyo vakanga vasinganonoka kugara kunzwi. Somugumisiro, kutya kwavo kupindura kunzwika kwaive kwakanonoka kuve kupera kupfuura vana vasingafungi.
> Sources:
> Coon D, Mitterer JO. Psychology: Rwendo. 5th ed. Wadsworth Publishing; 2013.
> Pavlov (1927) PI. Kugadziriswa Zvakagadziriswa: Kuongorora kweMabasa echiito cheCerebral Cortex. Annals of Neuroscience . 2010; 17 (3): 136-141. doi: 10.5214 / ans.0972-7531.1017309.
> Skinner BF. Nhoroondo Yenyaya muScientific Method. American Psychologist . 1956; 11: 221-233.
> Skinner BF. Kubatana kweMudzidzi: Chikamu Chechipiri cheAggybiography. New York: Alfred A. Knopf; 1979.