Kurangwa Kunogona Kushandiswa Kukurudzira Maitiro
Chirango ishoko rinoshandiswa mumashandiro ekugadzirisa kutarisa chero kuchinja kupi kunoitika mushure mekuita unhu hunoita kuti mukana wekuti unhu hunozoitika zvakare munguva yemberi. Kunyange zvazvo zvakanaka uye zvisina kunaka kusimbisa s zvinoshandiswa kuwedzera maitiro, chirango chinowedzera pakuderedza kana kubvisa maitiro asina kukodzera.
Chirango chinowanzovhiringidzika zvisina kururama nekusimbiswa kusina kunaka .
Yeuka, kusimbiswa nguva dzose kunowedzera mikana yokuti chiito chichaitika uye chirango chinoderedza mikana yokuti chiito chichaitika.
Mhando dzeKuranga
Nyanzvi yezvokuita BF Skinner , nyanzvi yezvepfungwa uyo akatanga kurondedzera mamiriro ekugadzirisa, akacherechedza maitiro maviri akasiyana eveversive stimuli anogona kushandiswa sechirango.
- Chirango Chakanaka : Rudzi urwu rwerango runozivikanwa se "chirango nekushandira." Chirango chakanaka chinosanganisira kuratidza chikonzero chinopesana mushure mokunge maitiro akaitika. Semuenzaniso, apo mudzidzi anotaura achitendeuka pakati pekirasi, mudzidzisi angamutsamwisa mwana kumushungurudza.
- Chirango Chisingarangarirwi : Rudzi urwu rwechirango runozivikanwa se "chirango nekubvisa." Chirango chisina kunaka chinosanganisira kubvisa chido chinodiwa mushure mokunge maitiro akaitika. Semuenzaniso, apo mudzidzi kubva pamuenzaniso wapfuura anotaura nezvekudzoka zvakare, mudzidzisi anoudza mwana kuti achazofanira kupotsa kurega nekuda kwekuita kwake.
Kurangwa Kunobatsira Here?
Kunyange zvazvo kurangwa kunogona kubudirira pane dzimwe nguva, unogona kunge uchifunga nezvemuenzaniso mashomanana apo chirango hachideredzi tsika. Jeri muenzaniso mumwechete. Mushure mokunge vatumirwa kujeri nokuda kwechivi, vanhu vanowanzoenderera mberi vachiita mhosva apo vasunungurwa kubva mujeri.
Sei kuri kurangwa kunoratidzika kushanda mune dzimwe nguva, asi kwete mune vamwe?
Vatsvakurudzi vakawana zvinhu zvinoverengeka zvinobatsira kuti chirango chinobudirira chiri mumamiriro akasiyana. Kutanga, chirango chinowanzoita kuti kuderedzwa kwehutsika kana ichingotevera hutsika. Mitsara yejeri inowanzotora nguva yakareba mushure mokunge mhosva yacho yaitwa, iyo inogona kubatsira kutsanangura kuti sei kutumira vanhu kujeri hakuiti nguva dzose kunopedzisira kuri kuderedza kuipa kwemhosva.
Chechipiri, chirango chinowedzera mitsara yakawanda kana ichigadziriswa kushandiswa. Zvinogona kuva zvakaoma kupa chirango chero nguva imwe nguva maitiro anoitika. Semuenzaniso, vanhu vanowanzoenderera mberi nekufambisa pamusoro pemutsetse wekukurumidza kunyange mushure mekugamuchira tiketi yekukurumidza. Sei? Nokuti maitiro haakanganisi kurangwa.
Chirango chine zvimwe zvinokanganisa zvinokanganisa. Kutanga, humwe hutsika hunochinja hunokonzerwa nekurangwa kazhinji kwenguva pfupi. "Kuzvibata kwakarangwa kunogona kuwanikwazve mushure mekunge mitezo yechirango ichibviswa," Skinner akatsanangura mubhuku rake, "Nezve Behaviorism."
Zvichida chinokanganisa chikuru ndechokuti chirango hachisi chaicho chinopa chero ruzivo pamusoro pemafambiro akakodzera kana anodiwa. Kunyange zvazvo zvidzidzo zvingave dzichidzidza kusaita zvimwe zviito, hazvisi kudzidza chimwe chinhu pamusoro pezvavanofanira kuita.
Chimwe chinhu chokufunga pamusoro pekurangwa ndechekuti inogona kuva nemigumisiro isingatarisirwi uye isina kunaka. Semuenzaniso, apo vanenge 75 muzana yevabereki muUnited States vanoshuma kupomera vana vavo pane imwe nguva, vatsvakurudzi vakaona kuti chirango ichi chemuviri chinogona kutungamirira kune tsika dzisina kufanana, kushatirwa , nekudengenyeka pakati pevana. Nokuda kwechikonzero ichi, Skinner nedzimwe nyanzvi dzepfungwa dzinoratidza kuti chero ipi zvayo inogona kuwana nguva shomanana kubva mukushandisa chirango sechiito chekuchinja chigadziro chinofanira kuyerwa zvakare zvinogona kuitika kwenguva refu.
> Sources:
> Gershoff, ET (2002). Kutora chirango nevabereki uye maitiro ehutano hwemwana uye zvakaitika: Meta-analysis nekudzokororwa kwezvinyorwa. Psychological Bulletin, 128, 539-579.
> Skinner, BF (1974). Pamusoro peKutenda. New York: Knopf.