Chirango chisina kunaka chinhu chinonyanya kukosha munyaya yeBF Skinner yekushanda kwemamiriro ezvinhu . Mukuzvibata kwepfungwa, chinangwa chekurangwa ndechekuderedza imwe nzira isingadiwi. Mukutenda kusina kunaka, zvinosanganisira kutora chimwe chinhu chakanaka kana chinodiwa kure kuderedza kuitika kweimwe tsika.
Imwe yenzira dzakanakisisa dzekuyeuka iyi pfungwa ndeyekuziva kuti mumitemo yekuzvibata, nzira dzakanaka dzinowedzera chimwe chinhu apo zvakaipa zvinoreva kutora chimwe chinhu kubva.
Nokuda kwechikonzero ichi, chirango chakaipa chinowanzotaurwa se "kurangwa nekubvisa."
Mienzaniso Yezvakaipa Zvakashata
Iwe unokwanisa here kuona mienzaniso yekurangwa kusina kunaka? Kurasikirwa kugona kune chiyero, kugadziriswa, uye kurasikirwa nemigumisiro mibairo yose mienzaniso yekurangwa kusina kunaka. Munyaya imwe neimwe, chimwe chinhu chakanaka chiri kutorwa semugumisiro wemafambiro asingadi munhu wacho. Semuyenzaniso:
- Mushure mokunge vana vaviri vachipinda muhondo pamusoro pekuti ndiani anotamba nekutamba mutsva, amai vacho vanongotora chiyiko kure nevese vana.
- Mumwe musikana ari kuyaruka anogara kweawa imwe yapfuura nguva yake yekuvhara, naizvozvo vabereki vake vakamuisa kwevhiki.
- Mwana wechikoro chechitatu anochemera kune mumwe mudzidzi mukirasi, saka mudzidzisi wake anobvisa "maitiro ake akanaka" zviratidzo zvinogona kuregererwa kuti zviwane.
Mukutaura, nekurangwa kwakanaka , chimwe chinhu chisingadiwi chinowedzerwa kana unhu husingadiwi hwaitika. Somuenzaniso, mwana paanotsamwa ane shungu, anotumirwa kuimba yake kwenguva.
Mhando dzose dzechirango dzine chinangwa chimwechete: kugadzirisa maitiro.
Migumisiro Yekuranga Kusina Hanya
Kunyange zvazvo chirango chakaipa chingakwanisa kubudirira kwazvo, Skinner nevamwe vatsvakurudzi vakaratidza kuti zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvinogona kuchinja kubudirira kwayo.
Chirango chisina kunaka chinonyanya kubudirira apo:
- Iyo inotevera pakarepo kupindura.
- Inoshandiswa nguva dzose.
Chimbofunga muenzaniso uyu: musikana achiri kuyaruka ane kereti yekufambisa, asi haibvumiri kuti atyaira usiku. Zvisinei, anotya usiku usiku kakawanda pavhiki asina kutarisana nemigumisiro ipi zvayo. Mamwe manheru paanenge achityaira kune mall pamwe neshamwari, anobva atorwa ndokupa tiketi. Somugumisiro, anogamuchira chiziviso mumachesi vhiki imwe gare gare achimuudza kuti ropafadzo dzake dzekutya dzakadzingwa kwemazuva makumi matatu. Paanenge achidzorera reisheni yake, anodzokera kumotokari usiku kunyange zvazvo ane mamwe mwedzi mitanhatu asati abvumirwa nomutemo kutyaira panguva yemanheru uye usiku.
Sezvaungangodaro wakafungidzira, kurasikirwa nelayisensi yake chirango chakaipa mumuenzaniso uyu. Saka sei aizoramba achiita maitiro kunyange zvazvo zvaitungamirira kurangwa? Nokuti chirango chacho chakanga chisina kushandiswa (akaendesa usiku kakawanda asingatarisi kurangwa) uye nokuti chirango chakanga chisina kushandiswa pakarepo (ropafadzo dzake dzekutya dzakanga dzisingabvumirwi kusvikira vhiki mushure mokunge abatwa), chirango chakaipa chakanga chisina kubudirira pakugadzirisa maitiro.
Imwe dambudziko guru nekurangwa kusina kunaka ndeyokuti kunyange zvazvo zvingaderedza mufambiro usina kufanira, hahupi hupi hupi hupi huno ruzivo kana murayiridzo pane zvakakosha kugadzirisa.
BF Skinner akacherechedza zvakare kana chirango ichibviswa, chiito chacho chinogona kudzoka.
> Sources:
> Hockenbury, D, Hockenbury, SE. Kuziva Psychology. New York, NY: VaBhizimisi Vanokosha; 2007.
> Skinner, BF. Pamusoro peKutenda. New York: Knopf; 1974.